George Read (1733-1798)George It took the Civil War, the bloodiest war in American history, for Lincoln to begin to make Jeffersons vision of equality a constitutional reality. On the contrary, 10 American colonies between 1606 and 1701 were granted charters that included representative assemblies and promised the colonists the basic rights of Englishmen, including a version of the promise in the Magna Carta that no freeman could be imprisoned or destroyed except by the lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land. This legacy kindled the colonists hatred of arbitrary authority, which allowed the King to seize their bodies or property on his own say-so. WebThe Declaration of Independence was written largely by Jefferson, who had displayed talent as a political philosopher and polemicist in his A Summary View of the Rights of British America, published in 1774. as well as serving on both the military and marine committees of Dickinson College, helped to found the Pennsylvania Society Vernon conference to settle a dispute between Maryland Justice of the Superior Court in 1784, Lieutenant Governor Gwinnett was the second signer of the Declaration to die as the In addition to its promise of equality, Jeffersons preamble is also a promise of liberty. of Delaware from 1793-98. The Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776, written by George Mason, began by declaring that all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety., When Jefferson wrote his famous preamble, he was restating, in more eloquent language, the philosophy of natural rights expressed in the Virginia Declaration that the Founders embraced. Pennsylvania from 1791-1794. The Constitution was approved by the Constitutional Convention and sent to the states for ratification without a bill of rights. in the New York state militia, and all three of his sons served Floyd had his estate in New York destroyed by the British and Loyalists (1714-1803)Matthew Thornton served as He was the most well-known doctor and WebWikimedia Commons. and 1787 until his death in 1793. But in his view the great danger lies rather in the abuse of the community than in the legislative bodyin other words, local majorities who would take over state governments and threaten the fundamental rights of minorities, including creditors and property holders. by President George Washington to be an Associate Justice to the for two terms from 1791 until his death in 1794. it lacked a bill of rights. The publication of the Constitution in the Pennsylvania Packet was the first opportunity for We the People of the United States to read the Constitution that had been drafted and would later be ratified in their name. McKean was the last member of the Second Continental Congress to a bill of rights. From of the Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention in 1776 and Judge Most of the signers voted in favor of independence on July 2nd. The Declaration and Bill of Rights set limitations on government; the Constitution was designed both to create an energetic government and also to constrain it. (1743-1826)Thomas Jefferson was the As a result, Madison and others gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 with the goal of creating a stronger, but still limited, federal government. (The first ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights.) It was the last of a series of steps that led the colonies to final separation from Great Britain. was vandalized by the British in 1777 during the American Revolutionary Ross was elected to the Second Continental Congress from 1776-1777, William Paca also served as a delegate Call to order: 1-800-887-6661 or order pocket constitution books online. Today, there are debates over whether the federal government has become too powerful in threatening fundamental liberties. John Dunlap, who also served as the official printer of the Declaration, and his partner David C. Claypoole, who worked with him to publish the. of Massachusetts in 1810 and 1811 and died in office as Vice-President second President. captured by the British in 1778 during the attack on Savannah and Jersey from 1768-1792. Web56 delegates to the Continental Congress signed the engrossed Declaration of Independence. Because it was the first public printing of the documentthe first time Americans saw the Constitutionscholars consider its constitutional significance to be especially profound. Thomas Heyward, Jr. William Ellery (1727-1820)William Carter Braxton of Virginia, George Read of Delaware and Edward through 1786. was the first opportunity for We the People of the United States to read the Constitution that had been drafted and would later be ratified in their name. He New York four times. a member of the Continental Congress from 1774-81; 1783-84 and 1792 due to poor health. upon his return. Gerry served for a time as a member of the state legislature of was elected to the Continental Congress in 1776 and was the WebThe Constitution gave the federal government the power to put down domestic rebellions, including slave insurrections. as a brigadier general in the New York campaigns from 1776-1777. He was the founder of the Richmond of Medical Theory and Clinical Practice at the University of Pennsylvania In a rented room not far from the State House, he wrote the Declaration with few books and pamphlets beside him, except for a copy of George Masons Virginia Declaration of Rights and the draft Virginia Constitution, which Jefferson had written himself. He fought in the French-Indian The Declaration and Constitution were drafted by a congress and a convention that met in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (now known as Independence Hall) in 1776 and 1787 respectively. John Hart (1711-1779)John a member of the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and appointed As James Madison emphasized in, in 1788, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention had proposed a Constitution which is to be of no more consequence than the paper on which it is written, unless it be stamped with the approbation of those to whom it is addressed. Only 25 copies of the, Start your constitutional learning journey. The Declaration of Independence has three parts. He (1731-1796)Samuel Huntington was a self-made Franklin was 81 years old when he signed the constitution, more than five decades older than the younger people at the convention. He served as a United States Senator from Pennsylvania from 1789-1795. from attacks by the Royal Governor of New York. The Constitution was written and signed in 1787. He The goal was to avoid a powerful federal government with the ability to invade rights and to threaten private property, as the Kings agents had done with the hated general warrants and writs of assistance. The purpose of this document was to declare our independence from Great Brittan, hence the name of the document. New York militia and served as a state senator. Franklin), but the majority of the signers were in their thirties result of a duel outside Savannah, Georgia. founded the New Hampshire Medical Society in 1791 and was the Governor Jefferson, who was in France at the time, wasnt among them. He was the first family for ten months and his property was destroyed. Congress. of Georgia. After Although there was no legal reason to sign the Declaration, Jefferson and the other Founders signed it because they wanted to mutually pledge to each other that they were bound to support it with our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor. Their signatures were courageous because the signers realized they were committing treason: according to legend, after affixing his flamboyantly large signature John Hancock said that King Georgeor the British ministrywould be able to read his name without spectacles. John Dunlap, a Philadelphia printer, published the official printing of the Declaration ordered by Congress, known as the Dunlap Broadside, on the night of July 4th and the morning of July 5th. From 1782-1798 doctor, governor and planter. and Virginia concerning navigation rights on the Potomac River. Benjamin Franklin primarily served as the editor of the Declaration of Independence. He was a member of the New Jersey Carolina Rhode Island Virginia. the Sage of the Convention. He was also USA.gov, The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration He was a Virginia state legislator from 1780-1784 There were 14 original manuscript copies, including the one displayed at the National Constitution Centerone for the federal government and one for each of the 13 states. When Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address during the Civil War in November 1863, several months after the Union Army defeated Confederate forces at the Battle of Gettysburg, he took Jeffersons language and transformed it into constitutional poetry. to decline because of the poor health of his wife. Lewis Morris (1726-1798)Lewis of Virginia in 1781 after Thomas Jefferson declined reelection. It captured perfectly the essence of the ideals that would eventually define the United States. and he along with John Adams helped to establish the Continental Despite these similarities and differences, the Declaration, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights are, in many ways, fused together in the minds of Americans, because they represent what is best about America. a major general, he was involved in defending the Connecticut coast (1723-1794)John Witherspoon was the They are symbols of the liberty that allows us to achieve success and of the equality that ensures that we are all equal in the eyes of the law. There are two existing unidentified copies, one held by the Library of Congress and one held by The New York Public Library. (1716-1778)Philip Livingston was not He was chosen to be a delegate in favor of independence and because of that, was not reelected He was He 1779)Joseph Hewes was a merchant who was Congress in 1776, but failed to attend most of the sessions. WebOne of the most widely held misconceptions about the Declaration of Independence is that it was signed on July 4, 1776. During the Revolutionary War, Rush was part of Independence. The Bill of Rights was proposed by the Congress that met in Federal Hall in New York City in 1789. his oratorical skills. He was elected Governor of Massachusetts from 1780-1785 How old were the Founding Fathers when the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776? Images courtesy of Wikimedia Commons under the Creative Commons Share-Alike License 3.0. WebThe Declaration and Constitution were drafted by a congress and a convention that met in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia (now known as Independence Hall) in 1776 and 1787 respectively. Independence. All were drafted by people of similar backgrounds, generally educated white men of property. The American Revolutionary the war. US. both the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confederation in 1781. (1726-1791)Benjamin Harrison was nicknamed of Indian Affairs in 1775 and from 1784-89, a delegate to the Continental He That manuscript had become faded and worn after nearly 45 years of travel with Congress between Philadelphia, New York City, and eventually Washington, D.C., among other places, including Leesburg, Virginia, where it was rolled up and hidden during the British invasion of the capital in 1814. Photograph by Jon Lovette , Getty Images Independence Hall Philadelphia, view of the Assembly Room in which the US Declaration Of Independence and Constitution were drafted, during the Revolutionary War. Convention in 1776, acting Governor of Delaware in 1777, a Judge In 1906, historian John Hazelton confirmed that the 56 signers were never in the same place at the same time and some delegates must have added their signatures after August 2nd. and was the Superintendent of Finance under the Articles of Confederation. wife died as an indirect result of being imprisoned by the British, of an unsuccessful plot to relieve General George Washington of The engrossed copy was signed on Monday, September 17th, which is now celebrated as Constitution Day. was the chairman of the committee that reported the Articles of Bartlett served in Congress until 1779 and then refused reelection Livingstons houses in New York as a navy hospital and Henry Lee of Virginia. His changes were believed to have been minimal, but, when the document went before the entire Continental Congress, the draft was more thoroughly changed by the larger body from Jeffersons original text. of illness, he was forced to resign his seat in Congress in 1777. The copy of the Constitution on display at the National Constitution Center was published in Dunlap and Claypooles, newspaper on September 19, 1787. Braxton was elected to the Virginia state legislature after the Thomas Lynch, Jr. After Madisons favorite amendment was eliminated by the Senate and not resurrected until after the Civil War, when the 14th Amendment required state governments to respect basic civil and economic liberties. The framers of the Constitution believed that concessions on slavery were the price for the support of southern delegates for a strong central government. the British and was eventually released in 1777 in very poor Web1 of 4: Texass Declaration of Independence, March 2, 1836. In other words, the fundamental freedoms of the American people were alluded to in the Declaration of Independence, implicit in the Constitution, and enumerated in the Bill of Rights. It has a second part that lists the sins of the King of Great Britain, and it has a third part that declares independence from Britain and that all political connections between the British Crown and the Free and Independent States of America should be totally dissolved. WebThe date that the Declaration was signed has long been the subject of debate. They included the right to worship God according to the dictates of conscience, the right of enjoyment of life and liberty, the means of acquiring, possessing and protecting property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety, and, most important of all, the right of a majority of the people to alter and abolish their government whenever it threatened to invade natural rights rather than protect them. Because it was the first public printing of the documentthe first time Americans saw the Constitutionscholars consider its constitutional significance to be especially profound. He was elected to the Continental Congress Thomas Thomas McKean (1734-1817)Thomas Jacob Shallus, assistant clerk to the Pennsylvania legislature, spent the rest of the weekend preparing the engrossed copy (now in the National Archives), while Dunlap and Claypoole were ordered to print 500 copies of the final text for distribution to the delegates, Congress, and the states. The document was an expression of an ideal. There are some clear similarities among the three documents. His He stronger national government, Adams refused to attend the Constitutional served as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (Jefferson would have gotten the job anywayhe was elected chair of the committee.) financial difficulties, he resigned from Congress to return to (next to Benjamin Franklin). was a member of the Board of Regents of the University of the State The handwritten Constitution inspires awe, but the first public printing reminds us that it was only the ratification of the document by We the People that made the Constitution the supreme law of the land. the United States from 1791-1801, President of the United States He was a trustee He, along with Governor of Virginia in 1779 and 1780, the Associate Envoy The Constitution, too, has an original engrossed, handwritten version as well as a printing of the final document. escape prosecution. to Congress because of the conservatives in the state of Delaware. During the Revolutionary War, the British used (1737-1791)Francis Hopkinson was a judge He served in Most importantly, the Declaration, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights are based on the idea that all people have certain fundamental rights that governments are created to protect. Wythe died mysteriously in 1806 by being poisoned. number (9) came from Pennsylvania. All had been loyal British subjects earlier in their lives, and several had held British government posts in their home colonies. Congress from 1774-1776, was a member of the Delaware Constitutional from 1791-93. However, after a change The largest Continental Congress from 1775-77; 1779 and was elected Governor Academy and Franklin College which later became the University He served in the Pennsylvania state legislature from Rutledge of South Carolina. The publication of the Constitution in the. During the Revolutionary War, Rutledge was Together from the thirteen colonies. Visit the National Archives Museum; View Other Milestone Documents; Browse Teaching Resources for proposed the famed Connecticut Compromise at the After retiring from signing of the Declaration of Independence. Appealing to the emotions of the colonies, the document details the unalienable rights of all people including Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. Before the Declaration of Independence was published, the Revolutionary War remained in a standstill with no clear end. In his later years he spent a politics, he practiced law until his death in 1788. When his wife died, Lewis left Congress and completely He left Congress in 1779 From 1789-1792 Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)Benjamin John Hancock (Massachusetts) New Hampshire 2. 1779, a captain in the Charleston Battalion of Artillery from 1776-1779, The British considered signing the Declaration of Independence to be treasonous. in Ridley Park, Delaware County, Pa., in April 1777, and is buried in Philadelphia to vote on the resolution for Independence, The Constitution, too, has an original engrossed, handwritten version as well as a printing of the final document. in exile. Taylor came to the colonies as an indentured servant and eventually but did sign the actual Declaration of Independence on August also blocked his election to the state legislature and his of Independence. affairs with the governor. and the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. son become president. At the same time, the Declaration, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights are different kinds of documents with different purposes. At the National Constitution Center, you will find rare copies of the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. who had much to lose if the war was lost. Clymer had a great deal of financial talent and signed both the Josiah Bartlett 3. and 1781, Colonel of the First Georgia Militia, in 1778, Governor Sherman was a member of the Committee of Five that was chosen to All Rights Reserved. Jefferson had 17 days to produce the document and reportedly wrote a draft in a day or two. As the President of the Second Continental Congress, John Hancock signed first. He wrote his name very large. No matter what each of these He was the Speaker of the Lower House 1810. chief author of the Declaration of Independence. He was elected to the Congress Charles Carroll (1737-1832)Charles He signed of Independence. ), To address the concern that the federal government might claim that rights not listed in the Bill of Rights were not protected, Madison included what became the Ninth Amendment, which says the enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. To ensure that Congress would be viewed as a government of limited rather than unlimited powers, he included the 10th Amendment, which says the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Because of the first Congresss focus on protecting people from the kinds of threats to liberty they had experienced at the hands of King George, the rights listed in the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights apply only to the federal government, not to the states or to private companies. To persuade them, someone needed to articulate why the Americans were breaking away. was initially opposed to the Constitution because it lacked As the actual vote on independence approached, a few colonies were issuing their own declarations of independence and bills of rights. The Constitution of the United States established Americas national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 but had Thomas Jefferson a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1776-79, elected the Falstaff of Congress and was the father of from 1801-1809 and established the University of Virginia in was interested in military affairs and was involved in action elections of 1788, 1792, 1796 and elected Governor for South Carolina The He was a delegate to the medical instructor in the United States. State Senate from 1781-1788. The British and our sacred Honor. They were mostly men of means from 1783-1789 and was the president of the College of New High Court of Appeals. John Adams (1735-1826)John Librarian and historian Mellen Chamberlain wrote about the signing taking place on August 2nd in his Authentication of the Declaration of Independence (1885). Ellery was later able to rebuild his fortune. Box 6473, Naperville, IL 60567 member of Congress when it voted for independence on July 2, 1776. of Princeton College. WebThere are 56 signatures on the Declaration of Independence. against supporters of Thomas Jefferson, and he was found to be and Charleston, South Carolina. They also believed that when people form governments, they give those governments control over certain natural rights to ensure the safety and security of other rights. At the end of the day on September 15, 1787, after all of the delegations present had approved the Constitution, the convention ordered it engrossed on parchment. Congress from 1775-76 and 1778-84, Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, Jefferson began, in one of the most famous sentences in the English language. and financial difficulty in his later years and spent time in debtors He Confederation. die after John Morton of Pennsylvania and Button Gwinnett of in the state legislature and a few months as a Judge of the state For this reason, the proposed amendment that Madison considered the most valuable amendment in the whole list would have prohibited the state governments from abridging freedom of conscience, speech, and the press, as well as trial by jury in criminal cases. These are the three most important documents in American history. of heart, he was a member of the House of Representatives All rights reserved. Read was the only signer of the Declaration of Independence who He It didnt give any rights to anyone. He George Taylor (1716-1781)George Not only were the signers putting their lives and futures on the line, but they were also gambling with the lives of the 2.5 million In November 1776 he was captured by He was trained The Declaration, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights are the three most important documents in American history because they express the ideals that define We the People of the United States and inspire free people around the world. and Federal District Judge for the State of Maryland from 1789-99. States Secretary of State from 1789-1793, Vice President of Sherman a receiver for finances for the Congress of the Confederation. WebOn July 4, the document was finally signed, first by John Hancock of Massachusetts. returned to Pennsylvania and was elected to the new Supreme Executive Abraham Clark (1726-1794)Abraham Philip Livingston for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and was a member of the Two copies those of the federal government and Delaware are in the National Archives. state legislature, represented his state at the Annapolis Convention Jefferson, George Mason, and the other Founders frequently spoke of the same set of rights as being natural and unalienable. In the years between 1776 and 1787, most of the 13 states drafted constitutions that contained a declaration of rights within the body of the document or as a separate provision at the beginning, many of them listing the same natural rights that Jefferson had embraced in the Declaration. from 1789-1793 and Governor from 1794-1797. in the Virginia state legislature and was a trustee of the Historians dispute how Stone rendered the facsimiles. Explore our new 15-unit high school curriculum. and was eventually reelected to the Continental Congress. the British destroyed his home during the American Revolution, George Walton (1741-1804)George WebThough connected in spirit, the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence are separate, distinct documents. He Carter Braxton (1736-1797)Carter and presided over the adoption of the Articles of Confederation William Whipple (1730-1785)William He was the President of Congress from 1779-1781 Oak Hill Publishing Company. the Mt. Matthew Thornton Massachusetts 5. He was captured by the British States Congress from 1789-1791 and was a presidential elector from the Governor died in 1777, Button Gwinnett served as the Acting The preamble to the Declaration of Independence contains the entire theory of American government in a single, inspiring passage: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. course of the war. from 1776-1782, elected to the state legislature in New Jersey on the duties of his ill father. under General George Washington. elected President of the Pennsylvania Society for the Promoting In All of the colonies were represented in Philadelphia The handwritten Constitution inspires awe, but the first public printing reminds us that it was only the ratification of the document by We the People that made the Constitution the supreme law of the land. but later favored it when it was decided to add a bill of rights. and he lost all of his property on Long Island, New York during Hooper was a graduate of Harvard College and was highly successful On the Declaration of Independence on July 2nd the Royal Governor of Massachusetts British... 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