Medicine in the Pre-Columbian Americas When the conquistador Hernn Cortes and his followers crossed the Gulf of Mexico for the first time in the year 1519, they expected to find primitive natives like those encountered in the Caribbean islands to the east. The Olmec flourished during Mesoamerica's formative period, dating roughly from as early as 1500 BCE to about 400 BCE. [73] A dozen rubber balls dating to 1600BCE or earlier have been found in El Manat, a bog 10km (6mi) east of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan. In Guatemala, sites showing probable Olmec influence include San Bartolo, Takalik Abaj and La Democracia. The Olmec civilization was one of several cultures that rose to prominence in Mesoamerica. "Mesoamerican Long Count calendar & invention of the zero concept" section cited to Diehl, p. 186. La Venta becomes the Olmec capital. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. [16] A wholesale destruction of many San Lorenzo monuments also occurred c. 950s BCE, which may indicate an internal uprising or, less likely, an invasion. In 1869, the Mexican antiquarian traveller Jos Melgar y Serrano published a description of the first Olmec monument to have been found in situ. This post-Olmec culture, often labeled the Epi-Olmec, has features similar to those found at Izapa, some 550 kilometres (340mi) to the southeast.[25]. La Venta, east of San Lorenzo and closer to the Gulf Coast (15 kilometers/9 miles) in the modern Mexican state of Tabasco, reached its height in about 900500 C.E. San Lorenzo, the oldest known Olmec centre, dates to about 1150 bce, a time when the rest of Mesoamerica was at best on a Neolithic level. The Olmec were the first major civilization in Mexico. The Olmec religion practised was Shamanism, believing that every person had an inner animal spirit. How was the "Mesoamerican Ballgame" played? to 400 B.C. [65][66], The 2002 find at the San Andrs site shows a bird, speech scrolls, and glyphs that are similar to the later Maya script. Add to calendar. and is considered the "mother culture" of societies that came later, such as the Maya and Aztec. Best known for their carvings of colossal stone heads, the Olmec were masters of monumental sculpture, and also produced an array of . They lived in the tropical lowlands on the Gulf of Mexico in the present-day Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco. Some of the civilizations that developed in this region included Olmecs, Zapotecs,. In 1976, linguists Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman published a paper in which they argued a core number of loanwords had apparently spread from a MixeZoquean language into many other Mesoamerican languages. [49] Olmec arts are strongly tied to the Olmec religion, which prominently featured jaguars. Mesoamerica's first highly developed civilization, which archaeologists have named the Olmec, emerged about 1500 BCE in two distant areas of Mexico--the central highland valleys (particularly in Morelos and Guerrero) and the lowland forests of south and east (particularly Veracruz and Tabasco). They developed writing and created great works of monumental architecture. [43] The African origin hypothesis assumes that Olmec carving was intended to be a representation of the inhabitants, an assumption that is hard to justify given the full corpus of representation in Olmec carving. As the first society known to have domesticated the cacao tree, the Olmec found the crop to be spiritually and culturally significant in addition to being a healthful and delicious foodstuff. The Olmec brought these boulders from the Sierra de los Tuxtlas mountains of Veracruz. The rulers seem to have been the most important religious figures, with their links to the Olmec deities or supernaturals providing legitimacy for their rule. In most cases, the head is half the total volume of the figure. This is because the Olmec culture is one of Mexico's oldest civilizations. Pool gives dates 1000BCE 400BCE for La Venta. The San Lorenzo phase therefore marks the beginning of Olmec civilization, and the sites forming the San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan group represent the oldest civilized communities known in Mexico or Central America. This area is characterized by swampy lowlands punctuated by low hills, ridges, and volcanoes. The Olmecs (/lmks, ol-/) were the earliest known major Mesoamerican civilization. Many are exhibited in the city of Villahermosa in the Parque-Museo La Venta. They were the first Mesoamerican civilization and laid many of the foundations for the civilizations . Richard A Diehl, 2004, The Olmecs America's First Civilization London: Thames & Hudson, pp. The Olmec is the earliest known major civilization of Mesoamerica or Pre-Columbian America. They shared . All Kunz axes have flat noses and an open mouth. 25, 27. In particular, the relevant objects from the Amuco-Abelino site in Guerrero reveal dates as early as 1530 BCE. Chalcatzingo, in Valley of Morelos, central Mexico, which features Olmec-style monumental art and rock art with Olmec-style figures. Crafted in a variety of materialsjade, clay, basalt, and greenstone, which is an archaeologist's term for carved, green-colored mineralsmuch Olmec art is. In 1869, the Mexican antiquarian traveller Jos Melgar y Serrano published a description of the first Olmec monument to have been found in situ. . 1997), who propose the relocation of settlements due to volcanism, instead of extinction. [88] There is some doubt, for example, that La Venta controlled even Arroyo Sonso, only some 35km (22mi) away. The hearth of Olmec civilization is located in the tropical lowlands of Mexico's southern Gulf Coast region, in the majestic archaeological site of San Lorenzo. [44], Ivan Van Sertima claimed that the seven braids on the Tres Zapotes head was an Ethiopian hair style, but he offered no evidence it was a contemporary style. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. "Writing May Be Oldest in Western Hemisphere", American Association for the Advancement of Science, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, "From Stone to Symbols: Olmec Art in Social Context at San Lorenzo Tenochtitln", "Implications of new petrographic analysis for the Olmec "mother culture" model", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, "Mexico and the early history of magnetism", "Olmec Bloodletting: An Iconographic Study", Scientists Find Earliest "New World" Writings in Mexico, "Olmec Ritual Behavior at El Manat: A Sacred Space", Economic Foundations of Olmec Civilization in the Gulf Coast Lowlands of Mxico, "The Politicization of the Mesoamerican Ballgame and its Implications for the Interpretation of the Distribution of Ballcourts in Central Mexico", "The Cascajal Block: The Earliest Precolumbian Writing", "Petrographic evidence shows that pottery exchange between the Olmec and their neighbors was two-way", "Posibles correlaciones lingsticas y arqueolgicas involucrando a los olmecas", "Sources of Rocks Used in Olmec Monuments", Drawings and photographs of the 17 colossal heads, "Stone Etchings Represent Earliest New World Writing", BBC audio file. The Sierra de los Tuxtlas rises sharply in the north, along the Gulf of Mexico's Bay of Campeche. It is famous for its monumental sacred complexes, massive stone head sculptures, ball games, the drinking of chocolate, and animal gods. In particular, Williams and Heizer (p. 29) calculated the weight of San Lorenzo Colossal Head 1 at 25.3, Wiercinski, A. MESOAMERICA; THE OLMEC CIVILIZATION- A concise note. Photograph of a stone carving. People in Formative Period Mesoamerica (2000-250 BCE) developed an array of empirical knowledge and technological adaptations that became the foundation for the later great civilizations. Like other Mesoamerican peoples of the period, they lived in villages, practiced agriculture based on maize cultivation, and produced pottery. It comes from the verb, "to cleave", which generally means "to cut off" (and is used in the name of a Meat Cleaver). span. Photograph of an Olmec colossal head. [17] The latest thinking, however, is that environmental changes may have been responsible for this shift in Olmec centers, with certain important rivers changing course. It appears the Olmec culture developed alone. [39] It has been estimated that moving a colossal head required the efforts of 1,500 people for three to four months. In this region, the first Mesoamerican civilization emerged and reigned from c.1400400BCE. [95], The fruits and vegetables were supplemented with fish, turtle, snake, and mollusks from the nearby rivers, and crabs and shellfish in the coastal areas. See translated excerpt from Melgar y Serrano's original 1869 report, reprinted in Adams (1991), p. 56. and lasted until about 400 B.C.E. The civilization grew and thrived by growing many crops and creating many arts. This monument the colossal head now labelled Tres Zapotes Monument A had been discovered in the late 1850s by a farm worker clearing forested land on a hacienda in Veracruz. His description of the object, published several years later after further visits to the site, represents the earliest documented report of an artifact of what is now known as the Olmec culture.[99]. MixeZoque specialist Sren Wichmann first critiqued this theory on the basis that most of the MixeZoquean loans seemed to originate only from the Zoquean branch of the family. Once theorized to be ballplayers, it is now generally accepted that these heads are portraits of rulers, perhaps dressed as ballplayers. Olmec "colossal head". [71], The Long Count calendar required the use of zero as a place-holder within its vigesimal (base-20) positional numeral system. Some monuments, and at least two heads, were recycled or recarved, but it is not known whether this was simply due to the scarcity of stone or whether these actions had ritual or other connotations. Struggles for control of this rich but limited farmland resulted in a dominant landowning class that shaped the first great Mesoamerican civilization, the Olmec. Here, the Olmec constructed permanent city-temple complexes at San Lorenzo Tenochtitln, La Venta, Tres Zapotes, and Laguna de los Cerros. What is known is that it likely occurred in waves as sites were gradually abandoned. Based on this comparison, some writers have said that the Olmecs were Africans who had emigrated to the New World. The child is nude, with its eyes shut and furrowed brow, appearing to cry. At El Manat, disarticulated skulls and femurs, as well as the complete skeletons of newborns or fetuses, have been discovered amidst the other offerings, leading to speculation concerning infant sacrifice. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. A large number of prominent archaeologists have hailed this find as the "earliest pre-Columbian writing". The Olmec civilization lasted for about 1100 years. In fact, Olmec artifacts have been found across Mesoamerica, indicating that there were extensive interregional trade routes. These shared the same basic food crops and technologies of the later Olmec civilization. You will soon explore the mighty group of the Olmec. The source of the most valued jade was the Motagua River valley in eastern Guatemala,[12] and Olmec obsidian has been traced to sources in the Guatemala highlands, such as El Chayal and San Martn Jilotepeque, or in Puebla,[13] distances ranging from 200 to 400km (120250 miles) away, respectively.[14]. Five of six radiocarbon dates for the San Lorenzo phase fall within the 1200-900 B.C. Despite the mistaken identity, the name has stuck. The Olmec may have been the first civilization in the Western Hemisphere to develop a writing system. [91] While the Olmec were not the first in Mesoamerica to organize long-distance exchanges of goods, the Olmec period saw a significant expansion in interregional trade routes, more variety in material goods exchanged and a greater diversity in the sources from which the base materials were obtained. They thrived along Mexico's Gulf coast, mainly in the present-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco, from about 1200 to 400 B.C., although there were pre-Olmec societies before that and post-Olmec (or Epi-Olmec) societies afterward. The Olmec population declined sharply between 400 and 350 BCE, though it is unclear why. Diehl, p. 106. Some of the reasons for trade revolve around the lack of obsidian in the heartland. [33] Infused with individuality, no two heads are alike and the helmet-like headdresses are adorned with distinctive elements, suggesting personal or group symbols. [82], As Olmec mythology has left no documents comparable to the Popol Vuh from Maya mythology, any exposition of Olmec mythology must be based on interpretations of surviving monumental and portable art (such as the Seor de Las Limas statue at the Xalapa Museum), and comparisons with other Mesoamerican mythologies. Scholars believe that some mutilation had significance beyond mere destruction, but some scholars still do not rule out internal conflicts or, less likely, invasion as a factor. The Olmec Civilization was the first major civilization in the Central American region and took birth in the present day Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Scholars have not determined how the infants met their deaths. What are the Early, Late, and Terminal Formative periods mentioned in the article? Its legs are splayed out. Direct link to Orion Mitchell's post Explain how the Olmec and, Posted 6 years ago. The name Olmec is an Aztec word meaning the rubber people; the Olmec made and traded rubber throughout Mesoamerica. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. The Olmec heartland is the area in the Gulf lowlands where it expanded after early development in Soconusco, Veracruz. The Olmec were the first major civilization to arise in Mesoamerica. For instance, in the 1940s, the artist/art historian Miguel Covarrubias published a series of photos of Olmec artworks and of the faces of modern Mexican Indians with very similar facial characteristics. Derived from the Nahuatl (Aztec) word Olmecatl, which means inhabitant of the rubber country, Olmec is a reference to the rubber production in the area where many of the artifacts have been found. The medicine of the Incas today The empire of the Incas extended from the city of Cusco to the present territories of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Argentina. Earliest known major Mesoamerican civilization, Mesoamerican Long Count calendar and invention of the zero concept, See Pool (2007) p. 2. c. 900 BCE The centre of San Lorenzo is detroyed and monuments are defaced. in a certain erawhich no one can reckonwhich no one can remember[where] there was a government for a long time". A nearby garden was used for medicinal and cooking herbs and for smaller crops, such as the domesticated sunflower. The heads date from at least before 900 BCE and are a distinctive feature of the Olmec civilization. Alternatively, the mutilation of these monuments may be unrelated to the decline and abandonment of San Lorenzo. The mask would presumably have been about 2000 years old when the Aztecs buried it, suggesting such masks were valued and collected as were Roman antiquities in Europe. "Inter-and Intrapopulational Racial Differentiation of Tlatilco, Cerro de Las Mesas, Teothuacan, Monte Alban and Yucatan Maya,", Haslip-Viera, Gabriel: Bernard Ortiz de Montellano; Warren Barbour Source "Robbing Native American Cultures: Van Sertima's Afrocentricity and the Olmecs,". The head is made of stone and is placed outdoors with palm fronds in the background. Research at these and other sites has led to the following insights. [34] The "Olmec-style" also very distinctly combines facial features of both humans and jaguars. How advanced was Inca medicine? The Tres Zapotes site, on the western edge of the Olmec heartland, continued to be occupied well past 400 BCE, but without the hallmarks of the Olmec culture. [21], Scholars have yet to determine the cause of the eventual extinction of the Olmec culture. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. The Olmec occupied an area that r Many archaeologist tell us that the Olmec culture represents the mother culture of all Mesoamerica cultures. Good behavior and moderation were synonyms of good health for the Aztecs, as any type of excess would damage and expose the individual to the evil spirits. It existed from 1400 BC to 400 BC. Serra Puche et al., p. 36, who argue that "While Olmec art sometimes represents leaders, priests, and possibly soldiers, it is difficult to imagine that such institutions as the army, priest caste, or administrative-political groups were already fully developed by Olmec times." The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art 36, no. Like the Aztecs and Maya who followed them, the Olmec inhabited areas of present-day Mexico. Probably because of the fertile land there, or just by chance. [32] As no known pre-Columbian text explains them, these impressive monuments have been the subject of much speculation. 1, 35 and Stirling (1968), p. "Esta gran cultura, que encontramos en niveles antiguos, es sin duda madre de otras culturas, como la maya, la teotihuacana, la zapoteca, la de El Tajn, y otras" ("This great culture, which we encounter in ancient levels, is without a doubt mother of other cultures, like the Maya, the Teotihuacana, the Zapotec, that of El Tajin, and others".) Anthropology, Archaeology, Social Studies, Ancient Civilizations, World History, Storytelling. The Olmec culture was part of this region, thriving between 1500 and 400 B.C.E in the southern gulf coast of present-day Mexico. The Olmec culture was Mesoamerica's first great civilization. Nagy, p. 270, however, is more circumspect, stating that in the. In the latter half of the 19th century, Olmec artifacts such as the Kunz Axe (right) came to light and were subsequently recognized as belonging to a unique artistic tradition. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. The Olmec used obsidian in many tools because worked edges were very sharp and durable. Birds were available as food sources, as were game including peccary, opossum, raccoon, rabbit, and in particular, deer. [26] Wrought in a large number of media jade, clay, basalt, and greenstone among others much Olmec art, such as The Wrestler, is naturalistic. This set of word search, secret code and word scramble worksheet printables features phrases and terms relating to the Mesoamerican Olmec Civilization. Knowledge Systems of the Olmec. The role of the Olmec in Mesoamerican society is a matter of hot debate between archaeologists and anthropologists. [59], The argument that the Olmec instituted human sacrifice is significantly more speculative. [74] These balls predate the earliest ballcourt yet discovered at Paso de la Amada, c. 1400BCE, although there is no certainty that they were used in the ballgame. What is known about archaeological cultures is based on artifacts, rather than texts. 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