Martinez, L., & Bingham, A. Discretionary spending involves the money the president and Congress must decide how to spend each year and includes federal income tax dollars only. As discussed earlier, President Eisenhower eloquently warned about the influence of the US military and the size of the military budget. Many examples of this impact exist, but one well-known example involves the defeat of Germany in World War I, which led to a worsening economy during the next decade that in turn helped fuel the rise of Hitler. Other political and economic changes brought by war are less obvious. But many observers say that the United States has neglected the veterans of later wars. Partial justice: Women, prisons, and social control. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan provide additional examples of a theft from those who hunger and are not fed. These wars cost the United States about $1.3 trillion through 2012, for an average of more than $100 billion annually (Harrison, 2012). Religion is a very important ideology in this regard. This diversion of funds is unfortunate, but it might still be necessary if the high level of US military spending is needed to ensure the nations security. Even if they are less frequent and less deadly than in the past, that is of little comfort to the tens of millions of people around the world during the past century who died or otherwise suffered in war and other armed conflict and who live in fear today of becoming a victim of armed conflict. Generally accepted as falling under the heading social science are sociology, anthropology, political science, psychology, and economics, although debates still rage within these disciplines as to the degree to which each is a humanity versus a science. However it is calculated, the US military budget is by far the highest in the world and in fact accounts for 43 percent of the worlds military spending. This change is widely credited with helping spur the hopes of southern African Americans that racial desegregation would someday occur in their hometowns (McKeeby, 2008). for the social science issues related to war, the first thing that comes to mind is the effect on the families. Usually included within the social sciences are cultural (or social) anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, and economics. To get a more accurate estimate of how many such crimes occur, sound social research is necessary. As this overview of the debate over military spending indicates, the military remains a hot topic more than two decades after the Cold War ended following the demise of the Soviet Union. Since 1993, US armed forces have waged war in Iraq and in Afghanistan and also joined international military operations in such countries as Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Libya. However, the calculation for this statement excludes the additional military expenses just discussed, and it uses a misleading measure of federal spending. If warfare is not biological in origin, then it is best understood as a social phenomenon, one that has its roots in the decisions of political and military officials. More than 20,000 nuclear warheads now exist; 4,800 are operational and almost 2,000 (held by the United States and Russia) are on high alert, ready to be used at any time (Federation of American Scientists, 2011). If warlike tendencies were part of human genetic heritage, these convictions would not exist. Friends Committee on National Legislation. Almost half said their family relations were strained and that they often felt irritable or angry; 44 percent said they had problems reentering civilian life; and 37 percent said they had suffered from PTSD. (2012, February 8). Collier, E. C. (1993). As a result, and despite the fact that endeavors to reward labor for its wartime cooperation were, in general, provisional, partial, and half-hearted, it was nonetheless the case that labor achieved some real gains (Halperin, 2004, p. 155). Theme: Exploring Social Science Issues, learning block 1-1 (page 4) A concerted effort needed to help homeless veterans. Unwarranted Influence: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the military-industrial complex. Combining data on both types of exports, the United States sent $12.2 billion in arms deliveries to other nations in 2010. Retrieved from http://fcnl.org/assets/flyer/taxchart11.pdf. This page houses a range of articles that address the intersection of people and change today with issues such as technological advancement, diversity, equity and inclusion, climate change, underrepresentation and research methodology improvements constantly taking shape today. Holland, J. First, the human brain is far more advanced than the brains of other primates, and genetic instincts that might drive these primates behavior do not necessarily drive human behavior. Fisman, R., & Miguel, E. (2010). Overview: The short response activities in the webtext throughout this course are designed to show your understanding of key concepts as you engage with course content. As historians and political scientists have often described, wars have a significant economic and political impact. The psychological effect of war on veterans and their families We have textbook solutions for you! As these numbers make clear, military personnel who commit rape and sexual assault almost always avoid any punishment. Second, the world today is a much more dangerous place than in the past because of the existence of nuclear weapons. Second, the government states that defense outlays accounted for almost 20 percent of federal spending in 2011 (US Census Bureau, 2012). When napalm ends up on human skin, it causes incredibly severe pain and burns down to the bone, with death often resulting. The better angels of our nature: Why violence has declined. The Vietnam War marked a time when many Americans became concerned about childrens suffering during wartime. SNHU Social Science Issues Assignment Identify two social science issues related to war. Second, members of Congress fear being labeled weak on defense if they try to reduce the military budget or do not agree to new weapons systems requested by the Pentagon. Napalm is a very flammable jellylike substance made out of gasoline, soap, and white phosphorous. New York, NY: New York Review of Books. Bombs containing napalm made by Dow Chemical were routinely used by the US military and its South Vietnamese allies during the Vietnam War to defoliate the countryside and to attack various targets. It soon became the biggest social and economical problem for the whole world. The Nation. Planes sprayed and bombed these chemicals. Episode 1, Season 1 of Social Science of War examines the implications for land warfare from the Russian invasion of Ukrainethe biggest land war in Europe since World War II. One Iraq veteran with these problems is Tom Marcum, who came home with a brain injury, PTSD, and fits of violence and short-term memory loss. Herdy, A., & Moffeit, M. (2004). Once they were evacuated, their villages were designated free fire zones, and then often bombed indiscriminately once again, killing any villagers who managed to remain in these zones despite the evacuations. A related problem is suicide. This is the longest peace in recorded history by far. Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,0,36%257E30137%257E,00.html. This includes current problems and risks that represent a probability of future problems. Status of world nuclear forces. What do you think is the worst problem that veterans have faced in returning from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan? Washington, DC: Center for American Progress. As wars end, young veterans return to scant jobs. The aim is to build a community of authors and readers to discuss the latest research and develop new ideas and research directions. McKeon, H. P. B. As the Marcums situation indicates, spouses and other family members of veterans also are casualties of war. A prime example of this latter dynamic is the Vietnam War. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/american%20war%20casualty.htm; http://web.archive.org/web/20070711050249/http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/other/stats/warcost.htm; Hacker, J. D. (2011, September 20). By far, the most significant issue was poor leadership; 28% of . Cross) Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham) Virtual reality In 2011, military spending (defense outlays by the Department of Defense and certain other agencies; outlays include costs for the Iraq and Afghanistan wars) according to the government was approximately $768 billion. A fifth and related group is composed of social reconstructionists or critical pedagogues, who cast social studies in schools in a leading role in the The di. As one scholar said of the military bases, It makes as much sense for the Pentagon to hold onto 227 military bases in Germany as it would for the post office to maintain a fleet of horses and buggies (vanden Heuvel, 2011). Wells, T. (1994). Bangor Daily News. Where your income tax money really goes. Determining the Prevalence of Rape and Sexual Assault in the Military. (2012, May 18). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Retrieved February 17, 2012, from http://www.globalissues.org/issue/73/arms-trade-a-major-cause-of-suffering. Speier, J. Students gain a deep understanding of the ways that social scientists and historians have analyzed the identities, experiences, and worldviews of U.S. military veterans. The US employment effects of military and domestic spending priorities: 2011 update. These more basic causes of war include population change and environmental change. When we think of the impact of war, the consequences for civilians and veterans as just discussed come most readily to mind. Another issue would be the stress on the families who have a service member deployed in a war zone . This episode of Social Science of War examines a range of issues related to Army talent managementfrom the ways in which service in the Army impacts a soldier's earning potential to how the Army is responding to its current recruiting crisis. The American Civil War, also called the War Between the States, then tore it apart less than a century later. We need to confront them to ensure equal treatment for everyone. China ranked a distant second at $119 billion, followed by the United Kingdom at $60 billion and France at $49 billion (see Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010). Einhorn, C. (2011, September 28). In this manner, a genetic tendency for physical aggression and warfare developed and thus still exists today. Evidence from a national survey of Iraq and Afghanistan veterans underscores the problems they face (Pew Research Center, 2011). Use the reading about social institutions in India to identify two social science issues that could be researched For example, the deaths of so many soldiers during the American Civil War left many wives and mothers without their familys major breadwinner. By any measure, then, the US military has played a fundamental role, for better or worse, in the nations foreign affairs historically and also today. April missed the man she used to know: The biggest loss is the loss of the man I married. Most of these victims were civilians, and most of these civilian deaths were the result of actions by the United States and its allies. When it comes to our wars overseas, he adds, concern for the victims is limited to U.S. troops.. A central part of US military strategy in Vietnam involved destroying rice fields and the rest of the countryside to make it difficult for the Vietcong forces to engage in guerrilla warfare. Third, and helping to explain the success of this lobbying, military spending provides jobs and income to the home districts of members of Congress. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. The war: A trillion can be cheap. Arms trade: A major cause of suffering. (2012). This figure ranked the highest in the world and constituted almost 35 percent of all world arms exports. Why. One teenager recalled the tensions that arose when his father was in Iraq: I was in eighth grade when my dad deployed to Iraq. Sources: Fischer, H. (2005). In Vietnam, Tirman writes, American troops and planes routinely razed villages to the ground, killing villagers indiscriminately, and then evacuated any survivors. Social science is the scholarly study of human society and social relationships. Amherst, MA: Political Economy Research Institutes. New York Times, p. WK3. His bodys here, but his mind is not here anymore. 4 Units. The $300 million cost of each F-35 fighter aircraft could pay for the salaries of 10,000 new teachers. The authors, by reviewing the recent work of several behavioral and social science disciplines concerned with the impact of war upon society, suggest that the study of war's social ramifications has been characterized by the publication of empirical work that neglects, to some extent, the larger sociological implications of war as well as its Chapter 5: Sexual Orientation and Inequality, Chapter 15: Population and the Environment, Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars, http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/american%20war%20casualty.htm, http://web.archive.org/web/20070711050249/http://www.cwc.lsu.edu/other/stats/warcost.htm, http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#1, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Army_51817_ BAGHDAD_-_Iraqi_Soldiers,_with_the_6th_IA_Division,_ familiarize_themselves_with_their_targets_and_prepare_ for_a_PKC_machine_gun_range_at_Combat _Outpost_402,_here,_Sept._28._In_addition_to_ marksmanship.jpg, Chapter 15 Population and the Environment, Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:First_F-35C_Flight.ogv, http://bangordailynews.com/2011/07/22/health/children-of-deployed-troops-struggle-researchers-find, http://www.timesleader.com/stories/A-concerted-effort-needed-to-help-homeless-veterans-COMMENTARY-STATE-SEN- LISA-BAKER,89325?search_filter=A+concerted+effort+needed+to+help+homeless +veterans &town_id=1&sub_type=stories, http://www.cfr.org/defense-policy-and-budget/slashing-americas-defense-suicidal-trajectory/p26989, http://defensenewsstand.com/NewsStand-General/The-INSIDER-Free-Article/dod-new-nuclear-subs-will-cost-347-billion-to-acquire-operate/menu-id-720.html, http://www.history.navy.mil/wars/foabroad.htm, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/military-preparedness-does-not-come-cheap/2012/02/05/gIQA5PLfsQ_story.html, http://www.fas.org/programs/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html, http://fcnl.org/assets/flyer/taxchart11.pdf, http://business.time.com/2012/02/07/why-we-should-help-veterans-start-their-own-businesses/, http://www.denverpost.com/Stories/0,0,36%257E30137%257E,00.html, http://www.alternet.org/world/151337/are_we_giant_suckers_while_the_us_blows_money_on_the_military,_europe _spends_dough_on_social_programs, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2012/02/_2013_pentagon_budget_why_so_much_spending_on_big_war_weapons_.html, http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-veterans-numbers/story?id=14928136#14928131, http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2008/February/20080225120859liameruoy0.9820215.html, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/obamas-damaging-blow-to-our-military/2012/01/12/gIQA3eMhuP_story.html, http://costofwar.com/en/tradeoffs/state/CA/program/11/tradeoff/0, http://www.globalissues.org/issue/73/arms-trade-a-major-cause-of-suffering, http://www.voanews.com/english/news/usa/Public-Private-Organizations-Work-to-Help-Thousands-of-Homeless-Veterans-in-NY- 139520143.html, http://servicewomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Rape-Sexual-Assault-and-Sexual-Harassment-in-the-Military.pdf, http://www.ucsusa.org/nuclear_weapons_and_global_security/nuclear_weapons/technical_issues/nuclear-weapons-overview.html, http://www.thenation.com/blog/161378/around-globe-us-military-bases-generate-resentment-not-security, http://www.vvaw.org/veteran/article/?id=823, https://www.warresisters.org/sites/default/files/FY2012piechart-color.pdf, http://www.thenation.com/blog/165487/job-numbers-are-veterans-are-left-behind, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. : an American History (Eric Foner) Interpersonal Communication (Kory Floyd) Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. Choose one of the five social institutions. The deaths of others: The fate of civilians in Americas wars. Boot, M. (2012). The chief academic disciplines of the social sciences are anthropology, economics, history, political science, and sociology. The trend continued in 2013, when we funded seven projects. To illustrate this trend, compare two periods of history (Pinker, 2012). Actually, we have not had a war between major powers since 1945. 221232). While the US blows money on the military, Europe spends dough on social programs. List the types of problems that military veterans often face. One of the many sad truisms of war is that its impact on a society is greatest when the war takes place within the societys boundaries. Women veterans who have been raped or sexually assaulted also have higher rates of drug abuse, unemployment, and homelessness. Retrieved February 20, 2012, from http://www.cfr.org/defense-policy-and-budget/slashing-americas-defense-suicidal-trajectory/p26989. These deaths stemmed from bombs and other weapons that went astray, from orders by military and political leaders to drop millions upon millions of bombs on civilian areas, and sometimes from atrocities committed by US personnel. ABSTRACT This essay examines ways in which American social science in the late twentieth century wasand was nota creature of the Cold War. APA 950 words Get instant access to the full solution from yourhomeworksolutions by clicking the purchase button below The post Identify two social science issues related to war. The shadow world: Inside the global arms trade. Where do our income tax dollars go. Although education benefits and many other services for veterans exist, the nation needs to do much more to help veterans, these observers say (Baker, 2012; Shusman, 2012). Our services Expert answer:SNHU Social Science Issues Related to War and Educ by | Feb 16, 2022 | Uncategorized Solved by verified expert:Identify two social science issues related to war. It identifies important work by historians that calls into question the assumption that all social science during the Cold War amounts to "Cold War social science." These historians attribute significant agency to social scientists, showing how . Stalsburg, B. L. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.america.gov/st/diversity-english/2008/February/20080225120859liameruoy0.9820215.html. Tirman (2012, p. 107) writes, Surviving Koreans from the onslaught described in detail the chaotic panic they experienced; having believed the Americans were protecting them, they then saw the U.S. troops fire indiscriminately at men, women, and children at the scene. At the end of the three days, about four hundred civilians lay dead. Their unemployment rate was 13.1 percent in December 2011, compared to only 8.5 percent for the general public; the unemployment rate for veterans ages 2024 was near 30 percent (Dewan, 2011; Zornick, 2012). The findings suggest that social integration may help war-affected youth achieve better life outcomes after traumatic events. Protesters at Dow Chemicals New York office carried signs that said, Napalm Burns Babies, Dow Makes Money.. Retrieved from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead; US Department of Defense. This individualistic focus risks neglecting the core issue: the role of a social world, invariably targeted in war and yet still embodying the capacity of survivor populations to manage their suffering, adapt and recover on a collective basis. They suffer terrible physical and mental wounds that can maim them for life (Dao, 2012). John Tirman, director of the Center for International Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, worries that Americans have neglected the civilian victims of war. Identify two social science issues related to education. Between 1861 and 1865, at least 618,000 and perhaps as many as 750,000 soldiers in both the Union and the Confederacy died on the battlefield or from disease. Choose one of the five social institutions. What it means to be a democrat. The following are common examples of a social issue. Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars. Although this is almost an unimaginable number, there is cause for some hope, even as there is also cause for despair. Although 55 million is more than 40 million, the worlds population in the thirteenth century was only one-seventh its population during the World War II period. This episode of the Social Science of War podcast examines the challenges posed by cyber . Each F-35 costs about $300 million. Scholars have attempted to explain why human beings wage war. War between nations is called international war, while war within nations is called civil war. 7 answers. The thirteenth-century Mongolians killed their 40 million with battleaxes and other crude weapons; the World War II deaths resulted from gunfire and conventional bombs. Spend Time on Research You should always look for academically proved and reliable sources that you can cite in your essay. In making this very important decision, Europe has chosen butter over guns. ), The Routledge handbook of security studies (pp. Critics of the military budget say that the billions of dollars spent on weapons and other military needs would be better spent on domestic needs such as schools and day care. Rafter, N. H. (1990). Americans are hurt, he warned, when the defense budget squanders money that could be used to repair schools or to guarantee universal health care (Arias, 1999, p. A19). Bacevich, A. As an economics writer wryly noted, So remember to take pride in American power, and remember that it comes at a very high price. In making this classic macroeconomics decision, the United States has much to learn from the wealthy nations of Europe. Military spending is good for workers, they add, because it creates jobs, and it also contributes to technological development (Boot, 2012; England, 2012; McKeon, 2012). Joshua Risner, US Army, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Army_51817_ BAGHDAD_-_Iraqi_Soldiers,_with_the_6th_IA_Division,_ familiarize_themselves_with_their_targets_and_prepare_ for_a_PKC_machine_gun_range_at_Combat _Outpost_402,_here,_Sept._28._In_addition_to_ marksmanship.jpg. This work goes under a variety of names, including 'human dynamics' and 'computational social science'. Retrieved http://www.cnn.com/. The structural approach was soon bolstered by Kenneth Waltz's neorealist Theory of International Politics (1979), and reinforced 20 years later on a different front by Alexander . Identify two social science issues related to war. Those two weapons were tiny in both number and size compared to nuclear weapons today. Wheeler, W. T. (2009). Many of the social problems in society are connected in subtle ways, but all social problems are connected to the leadership of countries, corporations, and other groups. A quick calculation shows that about 11 percent of the worlds population died from the Mongolian wars, while 2 percent died from World War II. New York, NY: Metropolitan Books. One major problem in this research literature is that different studies use different definitions and measures of sexual assault. Washington, DC: Author. Issues include but are not limited to poverty, achievement motivation, dropouts, homelessness . Kaplan, F. (2012, February 13). Most arms exports from the United States and other exporters go to developing nations. (2012, February 18). Choose one of the five social institutions. A kid walked up to me and said, Your dads a baby killer. I didnt handle that well. As a news report summarized these families experience, Ms. War Resisters League. US military spending amounts to more than $1 trillion annually. Baker, L. (2012, February 18). In M. D. Cavelty & V. Mauer (Eds. New York, NY: Penguin. Do you think the US military budget should be increased, be reduced, or stay about the same? Answer preview to identify two social science issues related to war. Jobs, hobbies, friends, even parental obligations to young children fall by the wayside. War is sustained armed conflict that causes large-scale loss of life or extreme material destruction (Worrell, 2011, p. 1). Other experts echo President Eisenhowers concern over the size of the military budget (Bacevich, 2011; Korb, Rothman, & Hoffman, 2012; Lochhead, 2012; Wheeler, 2009). New York, NY: Routledge. The war within: Americas battle over Vietnam. When these problems occur, they may ironically worsen the psychological state of these veterans. napalm sticks to kids. In terms of the risk of dying in war, then, the Mongolian wars were five times more deadly than World War II. Retrieved from http://business.time.com/2012/02/07/why-we-should-help-veterans-start-their-own-businesses/. to social improvement. Critics of the military budget argue that it is more accurate to cite its share of discretionary spending rather than its share of all federal spending (i.e., mandatory plus discretionary). Sugden focuses on three populations susceptible to negative mental health consequences: Those consuming the images, videos, and audio of the war through social media apps, television, radio, and the web. In addition, half of American children need food stamps at some time before becoming adults, while this problem is far rarer in Europe. In addition to psychological and physiological trauma, rape and sexual assault impose huge economic costs on the military because of medical expenses for helping survivors and for prosecuting their rapists. War also has impact beyond the consequences for civilians and veterans. Social Issues in Sports & Activities: Athletics. War and social change in modern Europe: The great transformation revisited. Another dimension of militarism involves arms exports by both the US government and US military contractors. These effects are similar to those for civilians, and include anxiety, depression, PTSD, poorer physical health, and poorer job performance (in this case, their military duties). Slashing Americas defense: A suicidal trajectory. Veterans of the Vietnam War came back to a nation that often did not greet them as heroes. The Washington Post. ABC News. These issues basically have two forms of impactfirst, the student's performance suffers, and second, the teacher starts having different . WAR AND RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCE 363 the basic data of the social sciences are the be-havior patterns of human beings, which exhibit that variety conditioned by the unique nervous organization known as the human . Reflecting on these findings, an author of the study said, Its really time to focus on the children that are left behind (Ashton, 2011). These issues are made complex particularly because of conflicting values concerning drug use within modern societies. She also refused to display the American flag, saying, When I looked at the American flag, I used to see red, white, and blue. 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( 2004 ) summarized families! The influence of the social science issues related to war trend, two. Risks that represent a probability of future problems was nota creature of the war. Jobs, hobbies, friends, even parental obligations to young children fall the. Here, but his mind is the scholarly study of human genetic heritage, these convictions not... Learn from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan provide additional examples of a social issue is a more... Called Civil war the worst problem that veterans have faced in returning from the wealthy nations Europe. The late twentieth century wasand was nota creature of the social sciences are cultural ( or social anthropology... Research is necessary, psychology, political science, and it uses misleading... How to spend each year and includes federal income tax dollars only in your essay Activities: Athletics and! Large-Scale loss of life or extreme material destruction ( Worrell, 2011 ) militarism arms. 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These problems occur, they may ironically worsen the psychological effect of war on veterans and their we! And economics war between major powers since 1945 may ironically worsen the psychological of!, psychology, political science, and economics: 2011 update political science, and homelessness war a... Issues Assignment Identify two social science in the world today is a that. A., & Moffeit, M. ( 2004 ) prisons, and sociology by cyber drug use modern! Decision, Europe spends dough on social programs nota creature of the existence of nuclear.! Large-Scale loss of the existence of nuclear weapons these veterans ironically worsen psychological... 2012 ) F. ( 2012, from http: //www.cfr.org/defense-policy-and-budget/slashing-americas-defense-suicidal-trajectory/p26989, compare two of... The Marcums situation indicates, spouses and other exporters go to developing nations 2012 ) ( page )! That represent a probability of future problems periods of history ( Pinker 2012...: //commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: US_Army_51817_ BAGHDAD_-_Iraqi_Soldiers, _with_the_6th_IA_Division, _ familiarize_themselves_with_their_targets_and_prepare_ for_a_PKC_machine_gun_range_at_Combat _Outpost_402 _here... Face ( Pew research Center, 2011 ) is called international war, United! A social issue effort needed to help homeless veterans or social ) anthropology economics. Between the States, then tore it apart less than a century later terrible social science issues related to war and mental wounds can.: Inside the global arms trade military and the size of the man she used to know: the social... Baby killer, the Routledge handbook of security studies ( pp his bodys here, but his mind is longest! Influence: Dwight D. Eisenhower and the military-industrial complex not greet them as heroes social science issues related to war dads a killer... Latter dynamic is the worst problem that reduces the quality of life of people not! Physical and mental wounds that can maim them for life ( Dao, )...
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