[6] In debate, some scholars have suggested that neither is the case and that Saig may have gone into shock following his wound, losing his ability to speak. However, he soon learned that 50 Tokyo police officers who were Satsuma natives had returned home with instructions to assassinate him in the case of an uprising. Page 1 of 17 - About 161 Essays Improved Essays. country. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions Saig initially disagreed with the modernization of Japan and the opening of commerce with the West. In Satsuma and the rest of Japan, though, it was not clear whether reforms like these were sufficient, or if the entire social and political systems were due for a revolutionary change. Artillery consisted of over 100 pieces, including 5.28 pound mountain guns, Krupp field guns of various calibers, and mortars. Satsuma had no reserve of extra weapons and insufficient ammunition for an extended war. The schools resembled paramilitary political organizations more than anything else, and they enjoyed the support of the governor of Satsuma, who appointed disaffected samurai to political offices, where they came to dominate the Kagoshima government. Szczepanski, Kallie. After his retirement, however, Saigo simply wanted to play with his kids, hunt, and go fishing. He excelled more as a scholar than a warrior, reading extensively before he graduated from school at 14 and was formally introduced to the Satsuma in 1841. Japan Currency Museum. Saigo suspected that the Koreans might assassinate him, but felt that his death would be worthwhile if it gave Japan a truly legitimate reason to attack its neighbor. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their . Satsuma rebeliion.svg 703 965; 1.09 MB. In the 7th century, Japan took a . With Portrait, Maps, and. Sources describe him as dressed in an austere yellow kimono . The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era.. Their artillery consisted of 28 5-pounders, two 16-pounders, and 30 mortars. During the Boshin War, Saig led the imperial forces at the Battle of TobaFushimi, and after led the imperial army toward Edo, where he accepted the surrender of Edo Castle from Katsu Kaish. Imperial forces fell back, and Acting Major Nogi Maresuke of the Kokura Fourteenth Regiment lost the regimental colors in fierce fighting. There were two "regiments" of line cavalry and one "regiment" of imperial guard cavalry. Saig Takamori (Takanaga) ( (), January 23, 1828 September 24, 1877) was a Japanese samurai and nobleman. After a failed assault, Saig settled for a siege. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. The Apocryphal Suicide of Saig Takamori: Samurai, Seppuku, and the Politics of Legend. Journal of Asian Studies 69.3 (2010): 691-721. Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified. Shiba was in the Imperial Army at the time. #ga-ad {display: none;} He led his samurai straight up the middle of Kyushu, planning to cross the straits and march on Tokyo. Public apprehension found free expression in the Press, which said that the nation was divided into two parties, one being for the Government, the other for Satsuma, and asked what could be done to preserve peace. Rejecting large numbers of volunteers, he made no attempt to contact any of the other domains for support, and no troops were left at Kagoshima to secure his base against an attack. Ravina prefers the English name "War of the Southwest."[12]. Some children had pestered him into becoming their teacher, and the kind-hearted giant complied. In this rebellion, Saigo Takamori, one of the veteran statesmen of the Restoration, who enjoyed a wide popularity and was well versed in military tactics, acted as the head of the insurrection. 25,000 YEN TOSHIMOTO. Despite the overwhelming odds, the Imperial Army did not attack immediately upon arrival on September 8 but instead spent more than two weeks carefully preparing for its final assault. In addition, there were 200 artillerymen and 1,200 laborers. "Saigo Takamori: The Last Samurai." Next, I stated the cause of the rebellion and the reaction of the Japanese government. Upload media. They resisted the Imperial forces until they were destroyed to the last man. Founded by a saint named "Birbhan" in 1657 in Narnaul in Haryana. 2 Army, Colt M1861 Navy, and the Russian Model 1857 Six Line muzzleloading rifles that could fire approximately one round per minute. At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provoke a casus belli by behaving in such an insulting manner that the Koreans would be forced to kill him. Corrections? The influential Satsuma samurai, Saigo Takamori, was away at the time and had no knowledge of these events, but hurried home when he heard the news. Secretary of the British Legation in Tokyo during the rebellion, Mounsey relied on the 'most authentic sources, oral and documentary'. Paperback, 1 edition, Wiley, February 7, 2005. He initiated a military advance the following month, on February 15, intending to march on Tokyo, because of "questions I intend to press on the government." Shortly thereafter, a private military academy known as the Shi-gakk was established in Kagoshima for the faithful samurai who had also resigned their posts to follow him from Tokyo. Satsuma's governor, Oyama Tsunayoshi, explained that the uprising was in response to the government's assassination attempt on Saig, and asked that Admiral Kawamura (Saig's cousin) come ashore to help calm the situation. This includes data values and the controlled vocabularies that house them. Pro-emperor daimyo and radicals called for an end to the shogunate and the expulsion of all foreigners. Officially, the Meiji Emperor's government had authority over those facilities after 1871, but Satsuma officials actually retained control of them. It is not clear what was done with Saig's head immediately after his death. List Price: $31.95. The first thing about which historians often comment is the period's stability. Saig Takamori was labelled as a tragic hero by the people, and his actions were considered an honorable example of bushido and Yamato-damashii. In real life, Saig initially led the Imperial forces and won the four-day Battle of Toba-Fushimi in January 1868. Publication Date: 2006. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The formal ceremony took place on April 4, 1868, and the former shogun was even allowed to keep his head! Notwithstanding the great sacrifices it was called upon to make, the Imperial Government was fortunately able to give proof of its ability to maintain the unified rule over the nation, and was left virtually free to proceed on its way toward administrative reforms and general public improvements. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History (1879) Author: Augustus Henry Mounsey. Instance of. The leaders of the restoration were mostly young samurai from feudal domains ( han s) historically hostile to Tokugawa authority, notably Chsh, in far western Honshu, and Satsuma, in southern Kyushu. As the siege wore on, the rebels ran low on munitions, prompting them to switch back to their swords. After that I provided some background information on the samurai and the armor that they wore. Imperial reinforcements eventually forced their way through the rebel lines at the Battle of Tabaruzaka, lifting the siege. The Siege of Kumamoto Castle lasted until April 12, 1877. The Meiji Era controlled most of Japan, except for a small area in the southwestern part of Japan, which was the Satsuma. Over the next three days, more than 1000 students staged raids on the naval yards and other arsenals.[3]. He was born on May 26 th in the fourth year of Keian (, 1651). Yamagata also landed a detachment with two infantry brigades and 1,200 policemen behind the rebel lines, so as to fall on them from the rear from Yatsushiro Bay. In the end, the dispute with Korea came to a head only in 1875 when a Japanese ship sailed to Korean shores, provoking artillery there into opening fire. Living during the late Edo and early Meiji periods, he later led the Satsuma Rebellion against the Meiji government. The Satsuma advance guard, 4,000 strong, set out on February 15, marching north. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. . https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570 (accessed March 1, 2023). Ravina, Mark. By March, Saigo realized that his rebellion was doomed. The modernization of the country meant the abolition of the privileged social status of the samurai class, and had undermined their financial position. English Wikipedia. In the final battle, the Battle of Shiroyama, 30,000 imperial troops bore down upon Saigo and his few hundreds of surviving rebel samurai. Japan. Bibliolife DBA of Bibilio Bazaar II LLC, 2014 - 358 pages. Call Number: E315 .H64 2006. Later, they would have said that he committed seppuku to preserve his status as a true samurai.[7]. ISBN-10: 1437338992. Over the next several nights, they raided additional arsenals around Kagoshima, stealing weapons and ammunition, and to make matters worse, they discovered that the national police had sent a number of Satsuma natives to the Shigakko as central government spies. However, a government garrison at Kumamoto Castle stood in the Satsuma rebels' path, manned by about 3,800 soldiers and 600 police under Major General Tani Tateki. The imperial government in Tokyo expected Saigo to come to the capital by sea or to dig in and defend Satsuma. He also cancelled scholarships for Japanese students abroad and fired foreign experts.[8]. His first signature was Sanesada (). In 1871 he was left in charge of the caretaker government during the absence of the Iwakura Mission (187173). Then I introduced the leader of the rebellion. Determined not to let the rebels escape again, Yamagata sent in a large force which outnumbered the Satsuma army 7:1. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570. Outraged by the government's tactics, 50 students from Saig's academy attacked the Somuta Arsenal and carried off weapons. 4, Sophia University, JSTOR, 1973. All, perhaps, over-estimated their share in the accomplishment of the Restoration. By May, Saigo's army had surrounded Edo and threatened to attack, forcing the shogun's government to surrender. The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the Seinan War ( Japanese: , Hepburn: Seinan Sens, lit. In either case, his retainer, Beppu Shinsuke, cut off his head to ensure that Saigo's death was honorable. Zargabraath 3 yr. ago. Datasets available include LCSH, BIBFRAME, LC Name Authorities, LC Classification, MARC codes, PREMIS vocabularies, ISO language codes, and more. He did not want to rebel, still feeling deep personal loyalty to the Meiji Emperor, but announced on February 7 that he would go to Tokyo to "question" the central government. They had, they considered, paid the piper, and they wished to call the tune. Satsuma Rebellion. Mark Ravina, the author of The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori, argued that "Satsuma Rebellion" is not the best name for the war because the English name does not well represent the war and its Japanese name. As you can see on page 143 there are so many people that want to go settle some scores with Satsuma an entire police force is having trouble replacing all of the people who just . Some legends say Saig's manservant hid the head, and it was later found by a government soldier. List Price: $32.75. Satsuma Rebellion: Satsuma Clan Samurai Against the Imperial Japanese Army In 1877, the samurai of Satsuma province and their reluctant leader, Takamori Saigo, hurled a final challenge at Japan's westernizing government. With that, Saigo threw his support behind those organizing for a rebellion. The Shigakko students heard that the Meiji ship was coming and emptied the arsenal before it arrived. In order to cut Saig off from his base, an imperial force with three warships, 500 policemen, and several companies of infantry landed in Kagoshima on March 8, seized arsenals, and took Satsuma's governor into custody. [3], To help support and employ these men, in 1874 Saig established a private academy known as the Shi-gakk in Kagoshima. Many rules and regulations changed, from the number of soldiers to the type of weapons used.laws were changed to prevent any further uprisings against the Japanese government." 2. By May, the rebel army was in retreat southward, with the imperial army picking them off up and down Kyushu until September of 1877. Saig met the noted British diplomat Ernest Satow in the 1860s, as recorded in the latter's A Diplomat in Japan, and Satow was present at the unveiling as recorded in his diary. Has part or parts. After Saig rejected a letter dated September 1 from Yamagata drafted by a young Suematsu Kench asking him to surrender, Yamagata ordered a full frontal assault on September 24, 1877. By 1861, Saigo was well-integrated into the local community. This was the end of the so-called Satsuma Rebellion. It is said that he was shot in the femur, then he thrust a sword into his stomach region, then had his head decapitated deliberately by a fellow citizen. The Satsuma Rebellion was the last civil war in Japan, occurring in the tenth year of the Meiji era (1877), when the Satsuma rebel forces centering on Saig Takamori of Kagoshima collided with the regular army of the new Meiji government not long after it had formed. Saigo's troops marched out confidently, sure that samurai in other provinces would rally to their side, but they faced an imperial army of 45,000 with access to unlimited supplies of ammunition. It began to promote samurai officials based on talent, rather than rank, and also encouraged the development of modern industry. Yates, Charles L. "Saigo Takamori in the Emergence of Meiji Japan." In the wee hours of the morning on September 24, the emperor's troops launched a three-hour-long artillery barrage, followed by a massed infantry assault that began at 6 am. In April 1877, Saig reorganized the army into nine infantry units of 350 to 800 men each. A primary source of its causes and events. Saigo was getting accustomed to the second island when he was transferred to a desolate penal island further south, where he spent more than a year on that dreary rock, returning to Satsuma only in February of 1864. French newsmagazine Le Monde Illustr / Wikimedia Commons / Public Domain. He also married a local woman namedAigana and fathered a son. imported from Wikimedia project. Because of the Satsuma Rebellion, the government faced serious financial difficulties. opposition to the Meiji Restoration In Japan: Abolition of feudalism the greatest, revolt came in Satsuma in 1877. Vol. In disgust, Saigo resigned as the army general, imperial councilor, and commander of the imperial guards the next day. By 7 o' clock that morning, all of the Satsuma samurai lay dead. In the meantime, on March 9 Saig, Kirino, and Shinohara were stripped of their court ranks and titles.[3]. Though in Satsuma the rivalry of individual leaders had stopped short of open hostilities, the division of feeling was not less marked. The line infantry was divided into 14 regiments of three battalions each. The accounts of his subordinates claim that he stood up and committed seppuku after his injury or that he requested that his friend Beppu Shinsuke assist his suicide. The few surviving samurai launched a suicide charge into the teeth of the imperial army's Gatling guns, and were shot down. The main Imperial Army, under General Kuroda Kiyotaka with the assistance of General Yamakawa Hiroshi arrived in Kumamoto on April 12, putting the now heavily outnumbered Satsuma forces to flight. Originally, they were a militant sect of Hindu Worshippers. The surviving rebels made a stand on the slopes of Mount Enodake, and were soon surrounded. Satsuma Rebellion The first test of the young Meiji government came with the revolt of the powerful Satsuma clan based in the southern region of the island of Kyushu. By HORACE WALLER, FRGS, Rector of Twywell, Northampton. Decent Essays. Rebellions by the samurai, which had broken out sporadically since 1868 (Meiji 1), including the 1869-70 conflict between irregular military units and upper rank samurai commanders in the Choshu domain, gained steam with the collapse of the "conquer Korea debate". However, other evidence contradicts this, stating that Saig in fact died of the bullet wound and then had his head removed by Beppu in order to preserve his dignity. Conscription System in Japan Author : Ogawa, Gataro Year- 1921 Type- book "The Satsuma Rebellion led Japan to turn over a new leaf. Surely no conscript army of peasants could fight like the samurai! In peacetime, each company had approximately 160 privates and 32 officers and non-commissioned officers. When the plan was rejected, Saig resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of Kagoshima, as did many other Satsuma ex-samurai in the military and police forces. Each entry is based on a primary source we analysed ; We used a website to compile the entries because it's easier to navigate with; HERE is the link to the primary documents/analysis In the about page there will be a video on the Satsuma Rebellion and a brief paragraph describing what was going on in the rebellion Then we have Luke's entry. Friction among the Cabinet members over the question of Korean conquest, added to the local disturbances, made the already confused state of things worse confounded, and the result was the famous Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. . Shortly thereafter, Saigo was promoted to the post of daimyo's attendant in 1854 and accompanied his lord to Edo on alternate attendance, taking a 900-mile-long walk to the shogun's capital, where the young man would work as his lord's gardener, unofficial spy, and confident. Ravina, Mark. 1973 Sophia University In this,, The last and greatest revolt came in 1877 in Satsuma. Tabaruzaka was held by some 15,000 samurai from Satsuma, Kumamoto and Hitoyoshi against the Imperial Army's 9th Infantry Brigade (some 9,000 men). Publish Date: Oct 08, 2018. The rebellion lasted from January 29, 1877, until September . Saigo's nearly bloodless victory won him national fame, eventually leading to his appointment as an elder of Satsuma in September of 1866. The major religious activity of this sect is to chant and meditate the true names (Sat-Nam) of God, specially Rama and Krishna. Primary Sources 1. The cavalry regiment consisted of 150 men. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in the Restoration and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. staff and only a handful of students, the university confronted many difficulties in its early years. Contemporary illustrations show the cavalry armed with lances. The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History; with Maps - Primary Source Edition. Although the samurai were heavily outnumbered, they made a heroic stand and counterattack against the Japanese Army and showed their legendary skills off to the world in their final fight. In disgust at this latest move of a Government with which he had never from the first been in sympathy, he left Tokio. In addition to the army, the central government also used marines and Tokyo policemen in its struggle against Satsuma. Here he had established an institution which, in order to disguise its object, was called a "private school." Bonded by their distaste for the shogunate, Choshu and Satsuma gradually formed an alliance. Although kubo Toshimichi and others were more active and influential in establishing the new Meiji government, Saig retained a key role, and his cooperation was essential in the abolition of the han system and the establishment of a conscript army. Request Permissions. The rebellion was very expensive for the government, which forced it to make numerous monetary reforms including leaving the gold standard. A major underlying issue within many cultures in the world is the struggle to either hold on to traditions and values or to move . However, Northeastern domains led by Aizu continued to fight on the shogun's behalf until September., when they surrendered to Saigo, who treated them fairly, furthering his fame as a symbol of samurai virtue. "Southwestern War") was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era. Saigo's own daimyo, Hisamitsu, was the only one who publicly railed against the decision, leaving Saigo tormented by the idea that he had betrayed his domain lord. The Commandant of Kumamoto Castle Major General Tani Tateki had 3,800 soldiers and 600 policemen at his disposal. The Satsuma Rebellion. He was the third son of Nakamura Kiyosada (). However, the exact manner of his death is unknown. Along with troops from Aizu, Saigo's massive army marched on Choshu, where he negotiated a peaceful settlement rather than launching an attack. 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