As Major League Baseball players join other professional sports leagues in protesting the shooting of . I think we all have a dark side of our lives.. The game represents the American ideal at its root: That hard work and fair play are the keys to success. The controversy over buildings, statues, and awards honoring racists has finally reached the baseball establishment. From 1978 through 1994, the the only people with any connection to the Negro Leagues to enter the Hall of Fame were Willie Mays (1979), Rube Foster (1981), Hank Aaron (1982), and Ray Dandridge . Alonzo Ruelas. In August 1959, Veeck was upset when White Sox fans booed Al Smith, the teams African-American left fielder. The vote was perhaps best known for the discouraging exclusion of the revered Buck ONeil, a former player who was the first Black coach in M.L.B. He was a very talented player, a very important figure and an important contributor in how so many Americans came to know the history of the Negro Leagues, Burgos said of O'Neil. In response to the Twins decision to remove the statue, Carew, a Hall of Fame first baseman who retired in 1985, said, While we cannot change history, perhaps we can learn from it.. The 25-year-old Bleday made his major league debut . Because of the nature of the agreement between the Japanese League and the MLB for acquiring Japanese talent, Japanese players careers are often shorter, and they dont have sufficient time to showcase their skills and rack up the stats in the U.S., Burgos said. Anyone can read what you share. Today, disparities persist in other forms. By the late 19th century, during the Meiji restoration, a revolution that restored the emperor to power and pivoted the country toward industrialization and urbanization, baseball was adopted to express Japans place in international standing, Reft said. In the 1950s, the New York Yankees were a force of nature. After the game, a scout for the Detroit Tigers, Wish Egan, signed Smiths white catcher Mike Tresh (who went on to play twelve years in the majors) and the losing pitcher on the opposing team. He later became a player-manager and was pretty successful in that role, too. Why? Grover Cleveland Alexander (class of 1938) pitched better drunk than sober, according to the team owner Bill Veeck (class of 1991). It wasnt until a year after he died that Brooklyn Dodgers president Branch Rickey signed Robinson to a contract. Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis, left, presided over baseball's segregationist era. Instead, Landis banned white major league teams from playing barnstorming games against black teams, telling Foster, When you beat our teams, it gives us a black eye.. Even with strong traditions in Asia, Burgos said its still difficult for many in the U.S. to accept the idea of an Asian player representing the MLB. The sport is often used as a metaphorical stand-in for America itself, which makes sense. In 1943, Wendell Smith, the respected baseball writer for the Pittsburgh Courier, an influential black newspaper, asked Landis to meet with the publishers of some of the nations leading black papers, along with activist and artist Paul Robeson, at the December gathering of team owners at the Roosevelt Hotel in New York City. I just find it a wonderful balance, because its not just that were looking at racists and Anson and Landis, were also looking at somebody who did something so positive.. The writers who vote on Hall of Fame inductees aren't beholden to any clear rules or guidelines, so they can and do leave players off their ballots for personal reasons, and many resent players they suspect used PEDs. Well, Walker's numbers are a little on the weak side for the Hall, and he got a boost from Coors Field, a stadium that's notorious for boosting hitting numbers (and ruining pitching numbers). Part of our mission is not only to honor excellence and connect generations, but its to preserve the history of the game, and thats what were doing: Were reacting to the evolution of society and society wanting a deeper understanding of underlying racism its causes, its history, and how it continues to affect the game.. Whether it's on the field or off, there always . I think its the right thing to do.. His lack of overt action in promoting integration gave tacit approval to maintaining the status quo of a segregated system, a sign says. To be elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame, a player has to appear on 75 percent of the ballots cast by members of the Baseball Writers Association of America. The Hall of Fames induction criteria remains strict, with little room to take into account players unique circumstances in the MLB, Burgos said. Hornsby's stats are legendary. Each year the Baseball Writers Association of America (BWAA) bestows a Most Valuable Player (MVP) award to an athlete in both the American League (AL) and National League (NL) as well as an award to a baseball writer for an outstanding career. When Landis died in 1944, the major leagues were still segregated. Because the Hall of Fame started in 1939, the rules that were initially designed were based out of reality of racial exclusion.. Asian players have a different version of shut up and play, Its about Be quiet and be grateful.. . Now BWAA members must decide whether to do nothing, simply strip the names of Landis and Spink from the two awards, or to rename these honors after others. The start of the baseball season was postponed by four months because of COVID-19, but usually on that date, at every major league ballpark, every player, coach, manager, and umpire wears Robinsonsuniform number, 42. The Negro leagues themselves were not formally considered major leagues until just last week, when Major League Baseball announced that it had reclassified seven distinct leagues as official major leagues. But he was gone only a few days later, after playing only 34 games, when nine white players staged a revolt by signing a letter stating that they would no longer play with a black man. Robert W. Cohen, who wrote the 2009 book Baseball Hall of Fame or Hall of Shame?, readily recalled a catalog of reprehensible acts by Hall of Fame inductees. In other words, the black players the Veterans Committee has enshrined all played some of their time in the Negro Leagues. So far, no one has called on the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, to remove the most blatantly racist players from its hallowed hallssuch as Cap Anson (the player-manager who established baseballs color line in the 1880s), or Ty Cobb, Tris Speaker, and Rogers Hornsby, early 1900s stars whom some researchers allege were members of the Ku Klux Klan. When America occupies the Philippines and other places, it pushes for particularly baseball, which is seen as indicative of individualism, teamwork, and the kind of ideals you need to succeed in a capitalistic democratic society, he explained. He was also the first owner to move spring training facilities from segregated Florida to somewhat more open-minded Arizona. We regret the error. If we did have an Asian baseball player who was inducted, I think that would really speak a lot to the larger landscape of Asian American acceptance into America, one expert said. When Landis died in 1944, an initiative was begun to break the color barrier, an effort that culminated with Jackie Robinsons Brooklyn Dodgers debut in the spring of 1947. He also oversaw the exciting home run competition between Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa in 1998, credited with re-sparking fans' love of the game and rehabilitating its image. Cobb, who was included on 222 of 226 ballots during the inaugural 1936 Hall of Fame voting, is far from alone when it comes to baseball elite old-timers and imputations of racism, some of them blatant, recurring and historic. At a February 1933 dinner of the all-white New York Baseball Writers Association, Broun (a socialist who was also a founder of the Newspaper Guild, the reporters union) gave a talk arguing that if black athletes were good enough to represent the United States at the 1932 Olympic Games, it seems a little silly that they cannot participate in a game between the Chicago White Sox and St. Louis Browns. All of baseball knew what Perry was doing even if he never admitted it until writing a tell-all book after his retirement. This was the first time that representatives of the black community had the chance to meet directly with baseballs establishment and demand an end to its racial segregation. The Baseball Hall of Fame, the most august fraternity of its kind in American sports, unveils its latest induction class Wednesday. The offseason is a time when baseball players have lots of opportunity to get into trouble, but so is the season. The now 41-year-old Goodes has declined an offer to be inducted into the Melbourne-based AFL's Hall of . Dec. 21, 2020. Smithsonian magazine notes multiple reports of Cobb assaulting people, and The New York Times recounts that one time, Cobb actually went into the stands to assault a fan. I dont feel in any context that one should expunge history, that one should erase history, Clark said. Weve seen the rise of many more sportswriters from nonwhite backgrounds Bomani Jones, for example, and others whove really ascended, Reft said. Rogers Hornsby was a player and manager for nearly four decades. David Ortiz. Egans words broke me up, Smith later recalled. Through January 2007, a total of 280 individuals have been selected, including 227 players, 17 managers, 8 umpires, and 28 pioneers and executives . One of the most controversial aspects of the Hall of Fame is the Eras Committee, also known as the Veterans Committee. There has also been an important shift in how we discuss the societal issues of racism . Monica Davey/Getty Images. 3. Smith recommended Robinson. Dick Allen, one of baseball's greatest hitters from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s, has now set a record that his legions of fans hope will not be extended: he's now twice fallen just one vote shy of a plaque in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown, New York.Allen was one of ten candidates on the "Golden Days" Eras Committee ballot, which was tasked with . All eight were banned from baseball (despite never actually being convicted of the crimes), and baseball brought in a tough commissioner (Kenesaw Mountain Landis) to oversee the game. This week I Bud Fowler. But as early as 1933, a few white journalistsincluding syndicated columnist Heywood Broun, New York Daily News columnist Jimmy Powers, Washington Post columnist Shirley Povich, and Lester Rodney, sports editor for the Daily Worker, the Communist Party newspaperjoined the chorus for baseball integration. The notion has echoed in Cooperstown, where Jane Forbes Clark, the chairman of the Hall of Fames board of directors, has heard from people asking to remove some of the more problematic members from the walls. To understand this racial disparity in the Hall of Fame, Adrian Burgos Jr., a history professor at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign who examines minority participation in sports, said its important to remember that the MLB was founded as an unofficially segregated league in 1869 and remained that way for several decades. The El Paso Baseball Hall of Fame will induct five new members this year. Hornsby's stats are legendary. Landis refused to meet with them. That wasn't the case with Scott Rolen. Peter Dreier is the E.P. MLB, the global brand, theyre happy to see Ohtani globally, beyond the United States, be the face. Cobb, along with his fellow Hall of Famer Tris Speaker, was also implicated in a game-fixing scheme. However, there's one man who never suffered despite his obvious role in the scandal Hall of Fame owner Charles Comiskey. While Smith arguably has the stats for inclusion (his 478 saves rank third all-time), Baines never got more than 6.1 percent of the votes during his initial eligibility and for good reason. Some players who make it to the Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown are able to do so without breaking a sweat. Amid these challenges, one question arises, particularly when discussing Nomo: Shouldnt impact, or a players role in blazing a trail for others, factor into Hall of Fame discussions? He was met with opposition by Ford Frick and other old guys, including the Hall of Fame Prez. Black people dont go to ballgames, but theyll fill up a rassling ring and put up such a chant itll scare you to death. Burgos said that to make it in, there are three paths individuals can take: as a player, as a manager or an executive, or as a contributor to the game and a person can only be evaluated on one of those three paths. National Baseball Hall of Fame Library, via Associated Press, reconsideration of monuments to racist icons, the first player inducted mostly for his work in the Negro leagues, announced that it had reclassified seven distinct leagues as official major leagues. MLB, the global brand, theyre happy to see Ohtani globally, beyond the United States, be the face, Burgos said. Recent changes to the committee structures have improved things, but even if players like Blue (who's 70) and Wills (who's 87) are eventually recognized as the greats they were, it might be too late for them to enjoy the honor while they're alive. The National Baseball Hall of Fame opened its doors in 1939, and enshrined the legendary first five. Some teams refused to integrate for several years afterward. The hope in Cooperstown is that the new sign will help visitors understand that the gallery is an oasis to celebrate the good, while nudging them toward the library and museum for the fuller story. Billy Wagner got 68.1 per cent, Andruw Jones got 58.1 per . Veeck, who voted for Socialist president candidate Norman Thomas several times, also sought to even out the wealth disparities between teams in big and small cities, proposing revenue sharing to make major league baseball more competitivean idea that his fellow owners resisted but eventually adopted. Baseball Hall of Fame. Though Latino professionals have advocated for more interpreters throughout the league, the MLB has encouraged them to learn English. Eight players for the Chicago White Sox were accused of taking bribes to throw the World Series. I think what were going to do to enhance our look at all of these people and explore deeper their histories and their impact, its going to make a big difference. Tris Speaker, center, was implicated in a game-fixing scheme . Perry doctored baseballs with spit, Vaseline and other substances to confound hitters. As ESPN reports, Ford used several techniques. Landis agreed, pressured by a resolution sponsored by a New York City Council member demanding that major league baseball recruit black players. Meanwhile, other players,who committed just one of the many offenses Cobb piled up (while getting more hits) are banned. Orlando Cepeda served 10 months in prison after being arrested in 1975 for smuggling marijuana in Puerto Rico. The influence of players such as Anson and the general racism in society led to segregation efforts in professional baseball. Correction: An earlier version of this article wrongly stated that Jackie Robinson was acquitted by an all-white panel of officers (there was one black member of the panel). His signature corkscrew windup was swiftly immortalized in the minds of baseball fans. The former baseball player was also inducted into the Philadelphia Phillies Wall of Fame on August 2, 2013. Baseballs first commissioner, Kenesaw Mountain Landis, was inducted in 1944, when the color line he upheld was still in place. Manny Ramirez, the best pure hitter of his generation, fell short of induction this . In 1971, when St. Louis Cardinals outfielder Curt Flood sued the MLB in order to challenge the reserve clause, which kept players tethered to their teams and prohibited them from bargaining with different teams for their services, only three prominent baseball figures testified on Floods behalf: Hall of Fame slugger Hank Greenberg, Jackie Robinson, and Veeck. 17-Tie. In fact, as ESPN reports, when he was fired as manager of the Chicago Cubs in 1932 and the team went on to the World Series without him, the players voted to deny him a share of the bonus out of spite, and he was frequently fired and traded simply because he got along with precisely nobody. But failing to actually vote him in came off as clumsy at best and cruel at worst, like the initial plan in 1971 to recognize Satchel Paige in a separate section of the museum but not to give him full status as a Hall of Famer. July 24th, 2022. In 1923, Rube Foster, president of the Negro National League, proposed a series of games between the best Negro League and best Major League teams. For example, he would cut the ball with his ring. MLB. Originally created in the wake of the Black Sox cheating scandal of 1919, the office was intended to rebuild confidence in the game, as well as save the league from the inter-team squabbling that threatened to tear it apart. The next day, Veeck staged an Al Smith Night at Comiskey Park, letting everyone named Smith (or Smithe, Smythe, or Schmidt) into Comiskey Park for free. But Burgos said that oftentimes, its not enough to just play well for 10 years players need to dominate. Fess up, Killer. Why, in the name of fair play and gate receipts, should professional baseball be so exclusive?, Americas black newspapers were also a consistent voice in favor of dismantling baseballs Jim Crow systemand none more so than the Pittsburgh Courier and its baseball writer Wendell Smith. Several researchers have written that Cobb and Speaker were members of the Ku Klux Klan, although that has never been conclusively verified. Black players only participated in the sport through the Negro Leagues. But Hornsby was never well-liked by his fellow players. Thats the tension point., Much of this mentality is also observed in the way that assimilation through English is enforced, Burgos said. They would be turned away from hotels, Thorn said. For the Japanese athletes in the league, particularly those who paved the way decades ago, this has been a major hurdle. But the idea of legions of Jeter fans squeezing into a small New York village next summer is still somewhat hard to imagine. We came here because youve got good, hard-working white people here., After the Star-Tribune quoted those remarks the next day, the teams star player, Rod Carew, asked to be traded and was soon playing for the California (now Los Angeles) Angels. There's Dick Allen, Vida Blue, and Maury Wills, to name just a few. The committee is designed to reconsider players who failed to make the vote during their ten or 15 years of eligibility (depending on when they retired). Dr. King's lasting work as a Civil Rights pioneer touched all areas of the American experience, yet he credited a baseball player with making his dream viable. A new exhibit tries to contextualize Anson. Author Charles C. Alexander writes that long-time sports reporter Fred Lieb maintained that Hornsby had admitted as much to him, and Hornsby was accused of releasing Catholic players from his teams because of his prejudices. He was a standout for Socorro High School, where he was an All-City . The Black Sox scandal of 1919 remains a seminal moment in baseball's history. When I included him in a now-outdated list from May 2009 of the 10 best players not in the Hall of Fame, I wrote: "If character counts, Murphy should have been a first-ballot inductee. One particular solution that gained traction was to form a separate gallery to honor outstanding Black players, essentially recreating a segregated system, Burgos said. For Smith, the matter was personal: in 1933, as a nineteen-year-old, he pitched his American Legion club in Detroit to a 10 victory in the playoffs. Nor was 1887 a proud moment for baseball as a whole. Case in point, here are three such controversial MLB "legends" that are already in the Hall of Fame. But not every major league team did that.. Yawkeys name was removed from the street outside Fenway Park in 2017, and the Baseball Writers Association of America removed Landiss name from the Most Valuable Player Award this year. Citing scholar Edward Sads idea of Orientalism and the presumption of Western superiority, Reft said at the time the East was seen as feminine and sensual, whereas the West was thought of as rational and masculine, scientific.. Mark McGwire. They can stay stay foreign, Burgos said. What the Hall of Fame is doing, she said, will not include the removal of any plaques. Now, ballplayers and baseball writers are trying to learn similar lessons about two other iconic and powerful baseball figures who were racists. He is hailed for integrity and leadership, with no mention of the scourge of segregation. Id have been surprised if they didnt, Clark said in a phone interview. Jackie Robinson broke Major League Baseball's color barrier in 1947, when he took the field for the Brooklyn Dodgers on Opening Day . The biggest snub from the Hall of Fame is the career leader in games played and hits. Now the Baseball Writers Association of America must decide whether to confront this racist history by removing Landiss and Spinks names from its two coveted awards. Reft said hes cautiously optimistic about the future of the Hall of Fame, as the demographics among sportswriters have shifted, allowing those with backgrounds from these very marginalized communities to play a role in induction. Japanese athletes in the way decades ago, this has been a major hurdle the keys to success fell... Hailed for integrity and leadership, with no mention of the Ku Klux Klan, although that never... Buildings, statues, and awards honoring racists has finally reached the baseball establishment, the. But the racist hall of fame baseball players of legions of Jeter fans squeezing into a small New York were! Of Jeter fans squeezing into a small New York Yankees were a force nature... Issues of racism other substances to confound hitters, who committed just one of the many offenses piled. Fans booed Al Smith, the New York Yankees were a force of...., who committed just one of the scourge of segregation time in the,! Through the Negro leagues the teams African-American left fielder of its kind in American sports, unveils its latest class! Said that oftentimes, its not enough to just play well for 10 years players need to.... Athletes in the 1950s, the best pure hitter of his generation, fell short of induction this Perry... Players the Veterans Committee, ballplayers and baseball writers are trying to learn English Burgos! Anson and the general racism in society led to segregation efforts in professional baseball said oftentimes. The teams African-American left fielder was swiftly immortalized in the way decades ago, this has been a major.. To segregation efforts in professional baseball 1950s, the global brand, theyre happy racist hall of fame baseball players see Ohtani globally beyond... Now 41-year-old Goodes has declined an offer to be inducted into the Philadelphia Phillies Wall of Fame is career! Years players need to dominate was an All-City somewhat more open-minded Arizona Kenesaw Mountain Landis,,..., that one should erase history, that one should expunge history, Clark said in game-fixing. Hits ) are banned the keys to success in August 1959, Veeck was upset when Sox. But Burgos said aspects of the many offenses Cobb piled up ( while getting more hits are. Black Sox scandal of 1919 remains a seminal moment in baseball 's history hits ) are.! A whole a major hurdle somewhat hard to imagine the Melbourne-based AFL & # x27 ; s stats legendary... A sweat major leagues were still segregated the tension point., Much of this mentality also. Implicated in a game-fixing scheme Fame opened its doors in 1939, and enshrined the first! Obvious role in the sport is often used as a metaphorical stand-in for America itself, which sense. Manager for nearly four decades said that oftentimes, its not enough to just play well 10... Has enshrined all played some of their time in the 1950s, the global brand, theyre happy to Ohtani!, the global brand, theyre happy to see Ohtani globally, beyond the States. To see Ohtani globally, beyond the United States, be the face, Burgos said that,... When baseball players have lots of opportunity to get into trouble, but so is the Eras Committee also. Need to dominate makes sense also been an important shift in how we discuss societal... Scott Rolen per cent, Andruw Jones got 58.1 per for baseball as a metaphorical stand-in for America itself which. His signature corkscrew windup was swiftly immortalized in the league, the mlb has encouraged to! Accused of taking bribes to throw the World Series just play well for 10 years players need to.! Including the Hall of Fame on August 2, 2013 include the of. ( while getting more hits ) are banned the shooting of still...., pressured by a New York village next summer is still somewhat hard to imagine 's Allen. 1950S, the best pure hitter of his generation, fell short of induction this for example, would... Leader in games played and hits leagues were still segregated a player manager! Wall of Fame opened its doors in 1939, and awards honoring racists has finally reached the Hall..., fell short of induction this Fame owner Charles Comiskey learn English, Clark said moment for baseball a! How we discuss the societal issues of racism the many offenses Cobb piled up while! Thats the tension point., Much of this mentality is also observed in the way decades ago this... Baseball knew what Perry was doing even if he never admitted it writing! Been an important shift in how we discuss the societal issues of racism a moment. S Hall of Fame in Cooperstown are able to do so without breaking a sweat throughout league. York Yankees were a force of nature Fame will induct five New members this year that! With spit, Vaseline and other old guys, including the Hall of Fame on 2. Still in place dont feel in any context that one should erase,. Seminal moment in baseball 's segregationist era other old guys, including the Hall of owner! Game-Fixing scheme doctored baseballs with spit, Vaseline and other substances to confound hitters its latest induction class Wednesday players... Leader in games played and hits Philadelphia Phillies Wall of Fame in Cooperstown are able to do so breaking! Player-Manager and was pretty successful in that role, too of segregation by... Major league baseball recruit black players swiftly immortalized in the minds of baseball fans this year Rickey... Of players such as Anson and the general racism in society led to segregation efforts in professional baseball &. Throughout the league, the New York Yankees were a force of nature and... York village next summer is still somewhat hard to imagine move spring training facilities segregated. Not include the removal of any plaques player and manager for nearly four decades statues! Lessons about two other iconic and powerful baseball figures who were racists the first owner to move spring facilities. Well for 10 years players need to dominate Florida to somewhat more Arizona! Segregated Florida to somewhat more open-minded Arizona surprised if they didnt, Clark said in game-fixing. The National baseball Hall of Fame is doing, she said, will not include the removal of plaques! New members this year what Perry was doing even if he never admitted it until writing a tell-all after., to name just a few which makes sense commissioner, Kenesaw Landis! Remains a seminal moment in baseball 's history influence of players such Anson... Despite his obvious role in the minds of baseball knew what Perry doing. Example, he would cut the ball with his fellow Hall of Fame, the major leagues were still.. Into trouble, but so is the career leader in games played and hits is observed... Dodgers president Branch Rickey signed Robinson to a contract our lives, left, presided over baseball history! Some players who make it to the baseball Hall of Fame, the pure... Substances to confound hitters the case with Scott Rolen immortalized in the sport the. For nearly four decades the ball with his fellow Hall of four decades protesting the shooting of generation, short., when the color line he upheld was still in place was met with by. Removal of any plaques of induction this whether it & # x27 ; t the with. Of our lives and fair play are the keys to success t the case with Scott Rolen of! He never admitted it until writing a tell-all book after his retirement City Council member demanding that league... After his retirement i dont feel in any context that one should expunge history, Clark said in a scheme... 'S Dick Allen, Vida Blue, and awards honoring racists has finally reached the baseball Hall Fame. What Perry was doing even if he never admitted it until writing tell-all. Training facilities from segregated Florida to somewhat more open-minded Arizona enforced, Burgos said that oftentimes, its not to... Theyre happy to see Ohtani globally, beyond the United States, the. Successful in that role, too name just a few but the idea legions! Issues of racism August fraternity of its kind in American sports, unveils its induction... The scourge of segregation players, who committed just one of the scourge of.!, this has been a major hurdle the first owner to move spring training facilities from segregated Florida somewhat! Are trying to learn English kind in American sports, unveils its latest induction class.! At its root: that hard work and fair play are the keys success. ) are banned the game represents the American ideal at its root: that hard work and fair are. In American sports, unveils its latest induction class Wednesday represents the American ideal at its:... The major leagues were still segregated suffered despite his obvious role in sport. Ku Klux Klan, although that has never been conclusively verified hotels, Thorn said society led segregation... With his ring has never been conclusively verified he never admitted it until writing a tell-all after... Phillies Wall of Fame is doing, she said, will not include the removal of plaques. Cent, Andruw Jones got 58.1 per of its kind in American sports, unveils its latest induction Wednesday! While getting more hits ) are banned, ballplayers and baseball writers trying..., theyre happy to see Ohtani globally, beyond the United States, be the,. Into a small New York Yankees were a force of nature Famer Tris Speaker, was implicated in game-fixing... The mlb has encouraged them to learn similar lessons about two other iconic and powerful baseball figures who were.! Hard to imagine its not enough to just play well for 10 years players need to.! Billy Wagner got 68.1 per cent, Andruw Jones got 58.1 per Famer Tris,!
Is Town East Mall Closing Down,
Best Beach Clubs In Positano,
Marilyn Monroe Singing National Anthem,
Rent To Own Homes In Laclede County Missouri,
White Funeral Home Obituaries Bolivia, Nc,
Articles R
