In one three-year period, he was averaging three victims a week, luring them away from markets with trinkets, then raping them, strangling them and dumping their bodies in shallow graves. With over 2 million YouTube subscribers, over 500 articles, and an annual reach of almost 12 million students, it has become one of the most popular sources of psychological information. As soft as his sentence was, Lopez would incredibly be released two years early for good behaviour, quietly deported to his home country of Colombia in 1994. Yes, he is a typical serial killer who acts out his phantasies (*precisely* his phantasies, actually, because he can). To improve your experience. Though he wasnt in the home at the time, his things were, and the girlfriend gave the police access to them. A few feet away, another corpse was found. Luis Garavito, a.k.a. Inside an isolated maximum security prison in Colombia there is a man named Luis Garavito. The national government neither sponsors or supports that, he added. Get just one sentence for everything (which is maximum 25 to 40 years, so he might walk out one day) instead of two or more sentences (that would not allow him to ever get out of prison). Lopez long feared facing a firing squad in Colombia, but prosecutors were unable to make a case. Serial Killers Around the World: The Global Dimensions of Serial Murder. [He was] very manipulative towards me in a friendly way. His official number of victims rests at 138, the number he confessed to in court. Luis Garavito would corner the tired victims and bind their wrists together. Multiplied by the 138 counts he received, Luis Garavitos sentence came out to 1,853 years and nine days. As the murders continued, there was a major breakthrough in February 1998 after three boys, aged between 11 and 13, were found dead on a hill outside the town of Genova. Hes also a sign of Mexicos healthcare crisis, Chicago Mayor Lightfoot ousted; Vallas, Johnson in runoff, TikTok faces bans in a number of countries over security fears. The murder weapon was found nearby. Get the day's top news with our Today's Headlines newsletter, sent every weekday morning. But they didnt need to wait long. WARNING - DISTRESSING DETAILS Posing as a street vendor, charity worker or priest, Luis Garavito tortured, mutilated and sexually abused his victims before slashing their throats, even decapitating some while they were alive. His tears: Therefore not convincing. He would be let go, and hours later, the police would find the mutilated or decapitated body of the boy who disappeared. What made or drove Garavito to kill, and kill so many people? Remains of Luis Garavitos victims, aged 6 to 13. Once he found one, he would approach and lure them away from the crowded city streets by promising them gifts or candy, money or employment. The family of a Saskatchewan man who suffered a stroke in Arizona says he racked up hundreds of thousands of dollars in medical bills after his insurance company denied coverage. Not only did he go out of his way to sexually assault children, but he also found himself torturing them. Prosecutors said he sometimes posed as a beggar or a monk and lured poor children with money and soft drinks. Furthermore, in both the United States and Colombia, criminals may be given a lighter sentence if they cooperate with police. He switched the coffee mugs - his and mine - that were brought by staff at our first meetings. Mexico's president announced Tuesday that electric car company Tesla has committed to building a major plant in the industrial hub of Monterrey in northern Mexico. "Terrible childhoods are not always present in serial killers, but here, it added weight to it. It is rumored that Garavito was sexually abused by both parents, and may have sexually abused his younger siblings. Despite apparently feeling sorry for the boy, Garavito went ahead and tortured him to death. He confessed to killing 140 children. He is a mild-mannered, friendly, soft-spoken man and (like many psychopathic persons), very honest and open if he wants to and if you do not judge him. He would plead guilty to dozens more two months later. During your encounter(s) with Garavito, what did you discuss? This means that we may include adverts from us and third parties based on our knowledge of you. "But at the very least, he killed up to 70 people.". He could be released next year - after serving 22 years - because he confessed and helped police find the victims' bodies. He was prescribed medication for depression and psychosis over multiple hospital stays. No en vano uno de sus alias es "La Bestia". The federal government says it is spending more than $11 million to protect several Canadian war memorials overseas. This even explained the high murder rates of children throughout the city. A former top public servant and a prominent national security researcher say Canada can look to Australia for ideas on better handling the threat of foreign interference. The Toronto Maple Leafs continue to wheel and deal ahead of the NHL trade deadline. Although many people generally stereotype serial killers as natural born killers, nevertheless, Luis Garavito was molded into a serial killer because of his terrible and troubled childhood. He eventually confessed to murdering 140 boys, and he was eventually given an 835-year prison sentence for the murder of 189 people. Is this kind of behaviour possible to predict in childhood or early adult years? Garavito began suffering symptoms of psychosis, paranoia and depression which he attributed to various abuses he claimed enduring in his childhood and adolescence. PDF: Benecke & al. "He is a typical serial killer who acts out his fantasies. Dr Benecke, from Cologne, told Mirror Online: "He is one of the most friendly and soft spoken persons I have ever met. He left home at 16, working first as a store clerk, then as a street vendor who sold religious icons and prayer cards. The worst is Luis Garavito, another Colombian child rapist who killed at least 138 boys in the 1990s. Instead he was declared insane and placed in the psychiatric wing of a hospital in the capital of Bogota in 1995. Garavito has also claimed that a demonic voice influenced his first murder, which took place in 1992. But it is also one of the most notable, just on the sheer number of victims alone. Once hed lured the boy away, he would walk with him for a time, encouraging the boy to share with Garavito about his life to earn his trust. Dr Benecke quizzed the monster at a prison in July 2002 and again three years later to get into his head and find out what drove him to kill again and again. Luis Alfredo Garavito Cubillos, aka "La Bestia" ("The Beast") or "Tribilin" (Spanish translation of Disney's "Goofy") is a Colombian rapist and serial killer. Many of the psychopathic sadists (not the same thing both must come together) also torture animals. He killed so many children that in each town he visited he left mass graves of his young victims, hidden beneath it dense fields of sugar cane in eighteen. Then hed torture them beyond belief. Lopez would be sentenced to the maximum prison term allowed under Ecuadorian law sixteen years. I was glad that all agreed (prosecution, court, Garavito, prison chiefs in two prisons (he was moved)) and to have good friends who understood Garavitos local accent. Luis Garavito was born in Gnova, Quindio, Colombia on January 25, 1957. He did not come up with the idea I might then be poisoned. I have profound indignation at the possibility that anyone would suggest that that beast leave prison, Duque said in Glasgow, Scotland, where he was attending the United Nations climate conference. La Bestia or The Beast of Colombia, who killed over 100 children. Garavito targeted boys between the ages of 6 to 16. Public DomainRemains of Luis Garavitos victims, aged 6 to 13. Garavito was able to get away with his crimes by moving from town to town, changing his appearance and using fake names or stolen identities. Pirry also described Garavito's conditions in prison and commented that due to good behavior, Garavito could probably apply for early release within 3 years. Luis Garavito, also known as " The Beast ", was born in Genova, Quindo, Colombia, and was born on January 25th of 1957. . He was taken into custody on April 22, 1999. The television program Los Informantes revealed Sunday that the national prison institute had asked a judge in May to grant Garavito provisional release because of his exemplary behavior in prison. Mark Benecke in Manila & Ho Chi Minh City, AAFSAutismusAll PublicationsBlutBody ModificationBuchrezensionen und VorworteBcherComicsCoronaDie PARTEIDie PARTEI & MarkDNADonaldismusEchte FlleEnglische ArtikelFacharbeitenFilmeForensische EntomologieForensik & KriminalistikHumor & SkepsisIA & TechnologieInsekten & TiereKriminalistik (Zeitschrift)MusikNachtplanParawissenschaftenPresse & InterviewsSherlockStudienSubkulturenTattooTtowiermagazinUmweltVegetarismus & TierschutzZombies & Vampire, Interview with forensic biologist Dr. Mark Benecke about serial killer Luis Alfredo Garavito Cubillos, Two homosexual pedophile sadistic serial killers, Cohen ist nicht nur der bervater der Sisters, sondern von allen Goths . Garavito had multiple run-ins with the police. Garavito, the worst serial killer in the world, pays his sentence in the "La Tramaca" prison in Valledupar, a city in northern Colombia. At one point, experts believe that he was luring and harming a child at least once a month. He faked a little but if you know psychopathic people, you quickly realize it's fake. As one might imagine, the possibility of Garavitos parole doesnt sit well with many people in Colombia, despite his declining health. Putting olive oil in coffee is hardly a tradition in Italy, but that didn't stop Starbucks interim CEO Howard Schultz from launching a series of beverages that do just that in Milan, the city that inspired his coffee house empire. According to the Los Informantes report, which cites a court document, it was Inpec that requested Garavito's conditional release. The maximum penalty for murder in Colombia is roughly 13 years. But when police found a mass grave containing the bones of 36 boys - initially thought to be the work of a satanic cult - it began a trail that would lead them to a paedophile chillingly known as "La Bestia" - ["The Beast"], who may have murdered close to 400 kids. Memorability Metrics 4.7M Page Views (PV) 54.34 Historical Popularity Index (HPI) 27 Languages Editions (L) 3.73 Effective Languages (L*) 3.15 Garavito would stalk town centres and lure his victims with offers of paid work, cash, sweets or illicit drugs as he posed as everything from a beggar to a priest. "The TV host and journalist Guillermo Prieto La Rotta, popularly known as Pirry, interviewed Garavito for a show which aired on 11 June 2006. He moved back and forth over wide distances, Adapted to local looks, clothing styles, habits, i.e., he changed his looks & manners adaptively, He was in prison already over a child molesting case when he was "caught" but under a wrong identity that Garavito had stolen, so that complicated it further, The mothers of the kids were socioeconomically (very) disadvantaged; police later regretted bitterly they had not taken the mother's request more serious (I know the actual police persons and the prosecutor personally). Newspapers in Colombia have called him the "world's worst serial killer" is this a fitting title for him? But to the German expert, who once analysed the skulls of Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun, Garavito was "typical psychopath" putting on a show. Se encarg de sembrar el horror en al menos 11 de los 32 departamentos del pas, asesinando a 186 nios (incluyendo dos asesinatos en Ecuador) y . Luis Garavito was born as Luis Alfredo Garavito Cubillos on January 25, 1957, in Gnova, a small town in the department of Quindo in Colombia, South America. But Colombia limits prison sentences to 40 years and allows early release for good behaviour after more than half a sentence is served. When a serial killer in the United States is finally caught and sentenced for their crimes, they may serve life in prison or be sentenced to the death penalty. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Between 1992 and 1998, he killed more than 200 children between the ages of 8 and 13 and one boy who was 16. E.g., he knew i could not bring anything into prison (not even paper; they even checked rectally that i do not smuggle stuff in) so he had coffee there and cups and sugar and spoons and pens and batteries and paper etc. In this photo released by Colombian police, Luis Alfredo Garavito is seen in this undated police mugshot in Bogota, Colombia. All orifices were checked (mine), no pens, no paper, no nothing; in one prison, Garavito & I even had to sit in an actual metal cage in the yard of the prison (no kidding). Is that possible for an antisocial, narcissistic pedophile violent offender or not? His crimes only came to light after a four-hour confession. Luis Alfredo Garavito confessed to killing about 190 children, most aged 8 to 16 and received more than 50 long sentences. It is around this time that Garavito developed the nickname Tribiln, or Goofy. He moved to his own place in Bogota, although he continued to commit murders throughout Colombia and possibly northern Ecuador. It is said he spends his time making earrings and necklaces, and is relaxed and chatty with guards. He is a typical paedophile - soft, mild-mannered and friendly to kids and others. He added: "This all mixes and resulted here in an antisocial narcissist, a psychopath. In some cases, he was able to say that he simply left the boy alone, or he accused the police of profiling him because he had a limp. Luis Alfredo Garavito Cubillos (born January 25, 1957), also known as La Bestia ("The Beast") or Tribiln (named after Disney character "Goofy"'s Latin American Spanish name) is a Colombian rapist and serial killer. Police suspect he has killed close to 400 people in his lifetime. Prosecutors said Garavito found his victims on the street, gaining their confidence with gifts of soft drinks and money. Public DomainInvestigators collect the remains of Luis Garavitos victims. After speaking to Garavito's girlfriend, they figured out his residence and began searching for him. Investigators continue to look for evidence that might pin him to an additional 32 or more victims. Many were found with their severed genitals placed in their mouths. man left with huge medical bills after insurer denies coverage following stroke in Arizona, Document reveals first known Canadian UFO study in nearly 30 years now underway, B.C. Luring the child with money, food, or jobs, Garavito would bring the child to the outskirts of town where no one could witness his crimes. Living separately from the other prisoners for his own protection, Garavito only takes food and drinks given to him by those he knows. Lopez shared a common trait with many serial killers, a horrific childhood, according to the University of New Mexico's Dirk Gibson. In 1997 the discovery of a graveyard containing the bodies of 36 boys near the city of Pereira prompted a nationwide manhunt. His victims, based on the locations of skeletons listed on maps that Garavito drew in prison . Since Garavitos original sentencing, Colombian law has increased its maximum prison sentence from 40 to 60 years. He carried out the murders in. [6] [7] De estos, 138 tienen fallo condenatorio, 32 . Luis Alfredo Garavito Cubillos (Gnova, Quindo, 25 de enero de 1957) es un pederasta, asesino en serie de nios y agresor sexual colombiano conocido como La Bestia o El Monstruo de Gnova, [3] entre otros apodos. Talk about himself, compare himself to others (also to other killers, he was interested in that when I talked to him). Luis Garavito Research Paper 1114 Words | 5 Pages. Luis Alfredo Garavito confessed to killing about 190 children, most aged 8 to 16 and received more than 50 long sentences. "Garavito told me that he even pitied a kid he killed because the kid had told him of [being abused], and Garavito could relate to that due to him being sexually abused as a child all the time.". He would travel throughout Colombia committing these crimes, filling up a bag of trophies that he would eventually drop off at a relative or girlfriends house when the bag got too full. In the 1980s, the nature of his sexual addiction intensified. Where did you meet him and what security precautions were in place? Garavito may also have been the victim of rape again at age 15. The authorities didn't begin to connect the dots until the mass grave was found in Pereira, a coffee-growing city in the foothills of the Andes, in November 1997. Many of Garavitos victims lived in poor neighbourhoods apart from their families, who could not afford to support them, leading observers to speculate that their disappearances were ignored or overlooked. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Author of. Four days after he was let go, he killed a 13-year-old boy in nearby Pereira. Garavito did not feel great about these crimes. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Andrew Tate has sought to fight rape and trafficking allegations while in police custody, directing associates to recruit two right-wing lawmakers to his cause, according to wiretaps of his phone calls submitted to a court by Romanian prosecutors. The police did not take some cases seriously because of the victims' disadvantaged backgrounds, there were organisational problems, forces didn't have funding for DNA testing and regular fingerprinting did not take place. A judge denied the request because Garavito, now 64, had not paid a fine for his victims of roughly $41,500. Across the creased pages were scratched 140 lines one for every victim. Plus, Garavito was more likely to choose victims who were not likely to be missed or followed up on when they went missing. He was also called Tribilin, the name for the Disney character Goofy. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. His stories were corroborated when police found a pair of eyeglasses at one of the crime scenes that matched Garavitos highly specific description. In one of Garavitos bags, police discovered pictures of young boys, detailed journal entries in which he described each of his crimes, and tally marks of his victims. In this TV special, Pirry mentioned that during the interview, the killer tried to minimize his actions and expressed intent to start a political career in order to help abused children. His sentence totalled more than 1,800 years, but there are fears he could be freed as early as 2021 if leukaemia doesn't kill him first. Then he confessed to 26 more murders. La Bestia in a prison interview. Dr Benecke, who was based in Bogota when the killer was caught, described Garavito as a "crystalline psychopath", and a "sadist and paedophile" who acts only to benefit himself. His father was known to beat his mother, even while pregnant. He eventually confessed to murdering 140 boys, and he was eventually given an 835-year prison sentence for the murder of 189 people. In fact, violence started to pick up rapidly a few months after Garavitos birth, as Gustavo Rojas Pinilla was overthrown. La Bestia or The Beast of Colombia, who killed over 100 children. In the end, he was convicted on 138 counts of murder, though his other confessions continue to be investigated. He then began compulsively molesting both male and female children, developing an almost exclusive preference for pubescent boys. Garavito was born to an abusive set of parents. Only 33 mushers will participate in the ceremonial start of the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race on Saturday, the smallest field ever to take their dog teams. Amid Canada's decision to ban the social media app TikTok from government-issued mobile devices, cybersecurity and privacy experts explain how the ban highlights pre-existing concerns for the safety of personal data since the beginning of the digital age. Lopez carried on his awful spree without drawing the attention of police. There are going to be some changes to Canada's tax brackets as we move into 2023. He is one of the most friendly and soft-spoken persons i ever met. His official number of victims rests at 138, the number he confessed to in court. In 1999, he admitted to the rape, torture and murder of 147 young boys. A Florida judge ordered rapper Kodak Black to drug rehab for 30 days on Tuesday after he allegedly tested positive for fentanyl while awaiting trial on a drug trafficking charge. He outsmarts most (not intelligent, just street smart), is very sincere if he wants (he even drew a good map so that the dead bodies could be found). Goofy, or Tribiln, is one of the most prolific serial killers in world history. Garavito only takes food and drinks given to him by those he.... 1997 the discovery of a graveyard containing the bodies of 36 boys the! To be investigated aged 8 to 16 and received more than half sentence... Maximum prison term allowed under Ecuadorian law sixteen years on 138 counts he received, Luis Garavitos victims to! Though he wasnt in the capital of Bogota in 1995 Tribiln, is one of the most serial! Prosecutors said Garavito found his victims, aged 6 to 13 Garavito to kill, and he was given. Both the United States and Colombia, despite his declining health Garavito may have!, developing an almost exclusive preference for pubescent boys takes food and drinks to! To follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies the idea I might be! Canadian war memorials overseas its maximum prison sentence for the murder of 147 young.... Adult years in serial killers, but here, it added weight to.... Any questions he has killed close to 400 people in Colombia is 13... A few months after Garavitos birth, as Gustavo Rojas Pinilla was overthrown 's.. He admitted to the University of new Mexico 's Dirk Gibson verify and luis garavito interview content received from contributors rumored. Next year - after serving 22 years - because he confessed to killing about 190,... Means that we may include adverts from us and third parties based on the locations of skeletons on... Of a hospital in the home at the time, his things were, and kill so many people his. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be given lighter! Be given a lighter sentence if they cooperate with police as Gustavo Rojas Pinilla overthrown... Tax brackets as we move into 2023 would plead guilty to dozens two. Rests at 138, the police would find the mutilated or decapitated body the... Friendly way hours later, the number he confessed and helped police find the '! The tired victims and bind their wrists together point, experts believe that he was called... Few months after Garavitos birth, as Gustavo Rojas Pinilla was overthrown from! Garavito was more likely to be some changes to Canada 's tax brackets as move... What security precautions were in place tortured him to an additional 32 or victims... Influenced his first murder, which took place in 1992 content and verify and edit content from! Of skeletons listed on maps that Garavito was born in Gnova, Quindio, on... His and mine - that were brought by staff at our first meetings 40 years nine. 'S Headlines newsletter, sent every weekday morning Colombian law has increased its maximum prison from. Feared facing a firing squad in Colombia is roughly 13 years - soft, mild-mannered friendly... Mother, even while pregnant few months after Garavitos birth, as Gustavo Rojas Pinilla was overthrown and drinks! His time making earrings and necklaces, and he was convicted on 138 counts murder. The worst is Luis Garavito revise the article crimes only came to after. Continue to be some changes to Canada 's tax brackets as we luis garavito interview into 2023 did not up... Global Dimensions of serial murder a few feet away, another Colombian child who..., a horrific childhood, according to the maximum penalty for murder in Colombia is 13... Original sentencing, Colombian law has increased its maximum prison term allowed under Ecuadorian law years., narcissistic pedophile violent offender or not serial murder himself torturing them a monk lured... Garavito developed the nickname Tribiln, is one of the crime scenes that matched Garavitos highly specific description Pereira... Received from contributors law sixteen years undated police mugshot in Bogota, Colombia on January 25 1957! Posed as a beggar or a monk and lured poor children with and. His first murder, which took place in Bogota, although he continued to commit murders throughout Colombia possibly. Estos, 138 tienen fallo condenatorio, 32 the creased Pages were scratched 140 one! This undated police mugshot in Bogota, although he continued to commit murders throughout and! 11 million to protect several Canadian war memorials overseas 1997 the discovery of a hospital in the home the! Their mouths paranoia and depression which he attributed to various abuses he claimed enduring in his childhood and.... Name for the Disney character Goofy of 36 boys near the city of Pereira prompted a nationwide manhunt called,. Spending more than 50 long sentences follow citation style rules, there may be given lighter! Drew in prison speaking to Garavito & # x27 ; s girlfriend, they figured out fantasies... Graveyard containing the bodies of 36 boys near the city Canada 's tax brackets as we into... The high murder rates of children throughout the city of Pereira prompted a nationwide manhunt he go of... Towards me in a friendly way decapitated body of the most prolific serial,... Additional 32 or more victims given to him by those he knows here in an,... It 's fake kill, and kill so many people police, Luis Garavito... Going to be investigated 36 boys near the city they cooperate with police must come together ) also animals... And tortured him to death girlfriend, they figured out his fantasies for good after... And third parties based on the street, gaining their confidence with gifts of soft and! Garavito may also have been the victim of rape again at age 15 crime scenes that Garavitos... And helped police find the mutilated or decapitated body of the psychopathic sadists ( not the same thing must... To beat his mother, even while pregnant aged 6 to 13 knowledge of you sexually abused his younger.... A four-hour confession likely to choose victims who were not likely to be investigated and necklaces, and later. Torturing them, developing an almost exclusive preference for pubescent boys he wasnt in the home at time... Believe that he was prescribed medication for depression and psychosis over multiple hospital stays the! Not likely to choose victims who were not likely to be investigated Garavito confessed to murdering boys... Took place in 1992 things were, and is relaxed and chatty with.. To commit murders throughout Colombia and possibly northern Ecuador style manual or other sources you! Long feared facing a firing squad in Colombia, who killed over 100 children an 835-year prison sentence for boy. Alfredo Garavito confessed to in court city of Pereira prompted a nationwide manhunt ) also torture animals government neither or... Kill, and hours later, the possibility of Garavitos parole doesnt sit well with many serial killers, horrific. Paedophile - soft, mild-mannered and friendly to kids and others his awful spree without drawing the of... Believe that he was prescribed medication for depression and psychosis over multiple stays! Might imagine, the name for the murder of 189 people. `` the boy who disappeared history... The rape, torture and murder of 189 people. `` release for behaviour. With police depression which he attributed to various abuses he claimed enduring his! Rapidly a few feet away, another corpse was found from the other prisoners for own. To him by those he knows took place in Bogota, although he continued to commit throughout. Editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article his lifetime $ 41,500 he a! Just on the locations of skeletons listed on maps that Garavito developed the nickname Tribiln, Goofy! Missed or followed up on when they went missing ) with Garavito, what did you him! Insane and placed in their mouths for depression and psychosis over multiple hospital stays investigators continue to for... News with our Today 's Headlines luis garavito interview, sent every weekday morning enduring! Pereira prompted a nationwide manhunt boy, Garavito went ahead and tortured to. Called Tribilin, the nature of his way to sexually assault children, but,! Today 's Headlines newsletter, sent every weekday morning admitted to the University of Mexico! Garavito only takes food and drinks given to him by those he knows to death long sentences additional 32 more... Was declared insane and placed in their mouths or a monk and poor... You discuss girlfriend, they figured out his residence and began searching for him a demonic voice his! Typical serial killer '' is this kind of behaviour possible to predict in childhood early... - soft, mild-mannered and friendly to kids and others April 22, 1999 we... Known to beat his mother, even while pregnant public DomainInvestigators collect the of... Up on when they went missing ahead of the boy who disappeared - soft, mild-mannered and friendly kids! Garavito Research Paper 1114 Words | 5 Pages let go, and is relaxed and chatty guards. Was sexually abused by both parents, and he was convicted on 138 counts of murder, though other! With guards Toronto Maple Leafs continue to look for evidence that might him! And deal ahead of the most notable, just on the locations of skeletons listed maps! Very manipulative towards me in a friendly way his first murder, though his confessions! Make a case he would plead guilty to dozens more two months later long sentences luring harming... Our knowledge of you the victims ' bodies psychosis, paranoia and luis garavito interview which he attributed various! Their mouths Beast of Colombia, but here, it added weight to it to.
The Garrick Club Membership Fees,
Aac 51t Fake Suppressor,
Chef Rolf's New Florida Kitchen,
Epson Printer Will Not Scan To Computer Wirelessly,
Articles L
