As a result, the conventional wisdom is that to maintain consistent feel and performance you should string racquets at higher tension when it is hot and lower tension when it is cold. Conclusion. Heating the string, whether before or during tensioning increases the mobility of the molecule chains. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); can u pls also mention the results u get by doing the experiment? Other conclusions will try to prove what the optimum playing temperature and humidity is, and if these factors affect the speed of the game. Leave 2 out for 10 mins so they can come to room temperature. Once it achieves target tension of 28 kg (62 lb), the preheated string will have less stress to relieve than the unheated string. The tennis ball will probably bounce more in hot temperatures and bounce little in the cold. If your strings are too stiff, instead of getting a new string job, first try heating the strings with a hair dryer (though we don't know if this changes the durability or not). Since the bounce of a tennis ball partly depends on the pressure of the gas in it, the ball will bounce differently in different pressures. In other words, it would take more loosening of the strings at lower temperatures to achieve the same level of springiness. The ball will depress and rebound off the strings less efficiently in cold weather; therefore, it takes the strings being looser to achieve the same level of elasticity that would typically be possible at warmer temperatures. Figure 3 shows the dramatic decrease in tension when heat is applied to a string after it has already stabilized. As such, the energy inside the ball increases, and the molecules start bouncing around more erratically. By the same token, looser strings will result in more springy strings, propelling the ball further with a shot at the same level of force. Many aspects of the game of Bocce ball can be relatable to the simple concepts of Newtons original three laws, from the balls hitting each other (Newtons third law), to throwing balls harder to increase the force and then slowing down (Newtons first and second laws). Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from ITF Tennis: http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/balls/history.asp, Sheehan, K. (2011, March 11). The other end was attached to a hand crank that pulled the clamp in the rig to stretch the string. With this, it will look at the movements that occur at each of the upper extremity together with the muscles that are in use at the joints. As a result, a cold ball has a much lower bounce. How does temperature affect the bounce of a tennis ball? A warmer ball will bounce higher than a cold one. The hypothesis was confirmed as the room. Stress relaxation occurs both during and after stretching. If the string stiffness decreases between temperatures, the change will be negative, and if it increases, the change will be a positive number. Also, when its more humid outside, its tougher for players to stay cool, because sweat is less likely to evaporate into the air. Dependant variables:How High the Ball Bounces. Once ready, remove the balls individually and drop them from an elevated position. The strings were indexed by the percentage of tension loss for the 20 C room temperature scenario and plotted on a graph (Figure 6). Tennis Reviewer is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. Gather 15 to 20 tennis balls and a measuring tape. With such a low R squared value, the regression line does not predict many of the points and can not be considered a good fit to the relationship. (Borlings, 2011)The game is outdated and is not played anymore. As a result, a cold ball has a much lower bounce. Stiffness is the most important property of strings. Results for Setup #2 ‐ Elongation, Tension and Stiffness vs Temperature. The sample standard deviations for ball 1 and 2 were now found. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. String instruments, are often better when aged, and gates, or things that move, swing better after being swung constantly. Retrieved 8 24, 2012, from LIVESTRONG: http://www.livestrong.com/article/398740-temperatures-tennis-balls/, Incorporation, I. The temperature of the ball influences its coefficient of restitution. As one may see, the temperature does indeed affect how high the ball bounces. As the temperature of the rubber ball increases, the height of its bounce will increase. When the final cubic fit was tried in Table 13, 14 and Graphs 11, 12, a further increase in R squared was found to 0.979 and 0.972 and these are excellent fits to the data and should predict future values very well. The balls which were placed in a freezer had a bounce percentage of 54.90. That is the important take away. The tennis ball will probably bounce more in hot temperatures and bounce little in the cold. When a tennis ball is compressed, its internal air pressure is boosted. This phase was similar to the pre-tensioning heating test but an additional 100 seconds was added to allow tension to stabilize. It will, however, continue to equalize stress after tensioning more quickly than the unheated string, so will lose a bit more tension than the unheated string. Do you know what mechanics are really behind the outer layer? After a while, the pressure reduces, rendering the balls virtually useless and impossible to use in a tennis game. The preheated string will equalize stress more during tensioning than the unheated string. How Do Different Surfaces Effect The Bounce Of A Tennis Ball? Two different types of balls, Penn Championship and Non-Championship will be compared. What is so dramatic during this post-tensioning-heating phase is that there is only tension reduction, not a competition between tension increase and relaxation, as there is during tensioning. A tennis ball bounces because the air inside pushes outwards when it is in contact with a hard surface. They will see if the additional expense for championship balls is justified, and if they should open a new can of balls when they have an old can already open. Borlings, D. (2011). They were first used by the French monks in the game known asJeu de Paume. (Borlings, 2011)These balls were often packed with sawdust wrapped in leather. This increased energy and movement results in a higher bounce. What mainly causes a tennis ball to bounce is all the pressure stored inside. Stiffness decreases with an increase in temperature and increases with a decrease in temperature. http://www.how-2-tennis.com/history-of-tennis-balls.html, http://www.livestrong.com/article/398740-temperatures-tennis-balls/, http://www.itftennis.com/technical/equipment/balls/history.asp, http://www.livestrong.com/article/401050-does-temperature-affect-how-high-a-tennis-ball-will-bounce/, Find a tennis ball, and put it inside a freezer for about 20 minutes with a thermometer next to it. In order for maximum force to be generated, a tennis player needs a good stable base from where they can begin the movement. When looking at bounce ball height, keep your head in the same place to avoid problems with parallax. A typical result is shown in Figure 5 at 20 C. Figure 5 Typical graph of string behavior using a materials testing machine to stretch string at 0, 20, and 40 degrees centigrade. The balls which were placed in a refrigerator had a bounce percentage of 62.25. Analysis The heated tennis balls bounced the highest because as the temperature rose, the molecules expanded and exerted more pressure when the ball bounced The experiment illustrated the perfect gas law, because it showed that when the temperature rose, so did the pressure The data for each set of tennis balls had a range of 15 . The Effect of Temperature, Time, and Humidity on the Bounce of Tennis Balls. Repeat this this step three times and record all of the results. Higher temperature allows weak secondary bonds between the polymer chains to break. Repeat steps 1-3 but keep the ball at room temperature. I started playing tennis when I was 10 years old and since then Ive developed a love and passion for the game. On the other hand, a temperature decrease causes the gas molecules to contract and move around more sluggishly. The "take-away" is twofold: First, if you like firm/stiff playing strings, do not expose them to higher than usual temperatures after stringing. Signature: ___________________________________________________. Knowing this can help your scores. Throughout this essay, I will not only explain what each of Newtons three laws mean, but provide a real life example of how it could relate to the game of bocce ball. This is the first effect of the heat on the tennis ball, and when you heat the ball, you will tend to observe a higher bounce. This is expected. From that data, the lengthwise stiffness of each string was calculated. co2 is carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide is an expanding gas. This is because the ball will have cooled down and the air molecules inside it. But because stress relaxation occurs at varying rates both before and after achievement of target tension, the magnitude of tension loss during the relaxation period (i.e., after the racquet has been strung) does not necessarily correlate to the total relaxation that has occurred nor to the final stiffness of the string. I did notice a different in weight. The experiments For the heating during the tension loss phase, the starting temperature was 20 C. Tension was increased to 28 kg and 200 seconds were allowed to pass. The pressure of the gas inside of the tennis ball is what determines how high the ball will bounce. Independent: The uniform temperature of the tennis ball, Dependent: The balls bounce height compared to the initial height, Constant: The same room temperature, the same surface that the ball is bounced on, the same type of tennis ball, the same initial height. Then the stretch continued at 100 mm/min up to 380 N. After a 10 second wait, the clamps moved back together at a speed of 100 mm/min until tension was zero. On the other hand, the thermal energy of a warmer string helps break weak bonds between molecule chains, allowing greater flow and elongation of the string during stretching. In other words, it would take more loosening of the strings at lower temperatures to achieve the same level of . The green represents the felt on the ball, and the black represents the hollow core. Figure 10 breaks out elongation vs temperature by string in each material group. The hypothesis was: If the uniform temperature of a tennis ball is increased, then it will bounce higher. Repeat these steps but keep the ball in a refrigerator, a freezer, and an oven. I am determine who would benefit from using the stability ball during training? The question was whether this typical tension loss behavior would be accelerated or not by an increase in temperature. The second apparatus was a materials testing machine (Figure 4). The increased energy and movement of the air particles in the tennis ball then result in a higher bounce. However, its true that most amateur or novice players may not have those resources available to them and should at least be aware of some of the effects involved. This is the table showing the heights in which the ball bounced. This allows more elongation at lower stresses than occur at lower temperatures. Her professional writing works focus mainly on the subjects of physical health, fitness, nutrition and positive lifestyle changes. Time out of the can does pose a significant relationship, although that relationship can not be proven with the data from this experiment. As with most sports played outdoors, players, organizers, and teams play at the mercy of the elements, and many aspects of games revolve around what effect the weather will have on both players and their equipment. During a game of tennis, most players rely on the balls rapid bounce to help them play and score. Equipment: - two tennis balls - a refrigerator - tape measurer - video camera - bluetack Variables: The blue dots represent the gas molecules inside. Do you know how a golf ball works? Notebook Tension is a component of stiffness. As the molecules expand, their energy increases as they bounce around more erratically. As the tennis ball returns to its normal shape, the gas inside the ball acts as a spring and causes the ball to bounce into the air. The reason is that the impact energy is composed of a much greater mass and slower velocity than a ball bouncing from a surface or a racquet hitting a ball. Asteroid Ring Formation through Inelastic Collisions, The Pre-computed Vector Space and Interpolation Method on the Computing Time of an n-Body Simulation, Heat Recovery: Specific Latent Heat Definition. Table 1 shows the percentage spread from 0-40 C, from 0-20 C, and from 20-40 C. Because strings 8-15 did not have any data at 0 C, "NA" appears in those cells. The residuals vs. time graphs 17, 18 and residuals vs. fitted values graphs 19, 20 are both good examples of random patterns in residual graphs and would be both be considered good indicators of a good fit with error that is random. (Incorporation, 2011)Then, machines would turn the sheet of rubber into a spherical form. Hi I am Andrew. Drop the ball from the top of the meter stick and record how high it bounces. The Erector Spinae muscle causes trunk extension to allow the abdominals to fully flex the trunk and generate the force that is then transferred to the upper body. Players often wonder how storing their rackets in the trunk of their car during extreme hot or cold weather would influence tension and performance. In the study, they considered strings of different materials under different temperatures. (Borlings, 2011)This was very important since the new pressurized balls bounced higher, better, and could be hit farther. In recent years two different types of balls have been available championship balls and non-championship balls. (Borlings, 2011)Rubber could harness more kinetic energy than other materials that were used, so the balls began to bounce higher. Place four tennis balls in a freezer, four in a refrigerator, four at room temperature and four outside in the sun. (Harriman, 2012)Likewise, a colder temperature causes the gas molecules to contract and move around more sluggishly. The approach was to place 3 tennis balls in 4 different environments with different temperatures. By not rejecting H0 means the two different balls would be considered equal. (Borlings, 2011)They did not bounce very well, however. The balls need to have the right temperature and air pressure inside in order to work best. During the course of playing tennis, especially in competition settings, players often painstakingly consider all factors that have a shot at affecting their game. The first bounce is usually the most accurate since as the ball is exposed, the temperature rapidly changes. Bibliography .:. The string was then allowed to cool for 200 additional seconds. For the other three balls, you will need them to be cold so that you can have results with which to compare your findings. Thermometer Heating pad the serves comes in five main types of which includes; cannonball or flat serve, topspin-slice serve, slice serve, American twist serve and the topspin serve. In other words. The residual vs. Humidity plots 13, 14 both show grouping with poor randomness and thus would not be considered good. The most striking result is how much tension is lost during the 40 C post-tensioning-heating scenario compared to room temperature. Baseballs have less bounce than tennis balls or golf balls. Tennis string is affected by temperature, but not always in the manner that one might expect. As you will notice from your experiment, the balls that have been treated to the ice chest with ice in it will tend to have lower bounces, resulting from the molecules moving around less and containing less energy. In particular, tennis strings can be adversely affected due to weather and environmental conditions. Secondly, testing our experiment with two different balls of the same type to ensure that they reflect the same amount of result. Repeat steps 1-3 but keep the ball at a hot temperature without getting moisture on it. (Sheehan, 2011)However, if one lets the ball continue to bounce, it will bounce less high each time until it eventually just sits on the ground. This is the graph created using information collected from the last bounces per temperature, or the third trial. This corresponds to the string stiffness after stringing and a period of tension loss. For a future topic related to this subject, I would like to see if the age of a tennis ball also affects how it bounces. To measure the bounciness of a ball, you can try dropping it from a height onto a hard surface. After, use a meter stick or a tape measure and measure one meter, or one hundred centimeters. The tennis ball has a hollow rubber-like core filled with pressureized gas. Average the results. Percentages of the tennis balls bounce. Tennis players should conclude two things from this study the next time they go out for a game. What is the effect of. As such, gas molecules can easily expand or contract. You can also experiment within an enclosed space to ensure that the blowing wind does not affect the bounce of your ball. A further study should be completed to see if anything else effects the balls differently to try and determine what makes the balls different. What players feel when hitting in various temperature conditions is the combined effect. The experiment will show if temperature affects the height of a bouncing tennis ball. Then they would be dropped from a table, and the height would be measured. (Wikipedia, 2012)Also, semi- traditional tennis balls had a woodier feel and did not bounce as high; there was no pressure inside the ball. In this case, more stress equalization may occur during the stretch and less might therefore occur during the relaxation period. Try comparing a baseball to a golf ball or a tennis ball. It is being changed by a ball in a oven to make it hot or a ball in the freezer to make it cold. Here is the data collected from the first bounce of each temperature. This means that the temperature of the tennis ball does affect the bounce percentage. Heating after tensioning simulated stringing (tensioning) at room temperature and then putting the racquet in a hot environment, whether on court or in the trunk of the car. For stiffness, nylon seems to be more thermally reactive than polyester, but this is reversed for elongation. Here is a diagram of the structure of a tennis ball. Results for Setup #2 ‐ Elongation, Tension and Stiffness vs Temperature. First, the temperature that they are playing at is significantly effecting the game, and second, there is no difference in championship and non-championship balls bounce. Aim: The aim of this experiment is to see which ball is better quality for bouncing and what is a lot more reasonable for price and size. Later, the data would be compared by calculating the percentage of the bounce height over the initial height. A t test was than completed to compare the means of the two different balls bounce heights. Setup #1 Tension vs timing of heat application. How does Temperature Affect the Bounce of a Tennis Ball? But more specifically it effects the molecular movement of the object which in this case is a tennis ball. This type of heating has a permanent effect. My daughter is in the 5th grade and she is doing this experiment. There are probably two effects: the air pressure inside a cold ball is less and that will change the elastic coefficient, the other is the temperature effect on the material tennis ball itself. Ensure that the blowing wind does not affect the bounce height over initial. Instruments, are often better when aged, and the black represents the felt on the of... Have the right temperature and air pressure is boosted around more erratically balls would be measured, considered! The rig to stretch the string so they can begin the movement it! Particles in the same type to ensure that the temperature of the can pose... Hollow core out of the can does pose a significant relationship, although that relationship not. To make it cold Setup # 2 & dash ; elongation, and! Means that the blowing wind does not affect the bounce of your ball to tension! 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Really behind the outer layer compared by calculating the percentage of the results 1-3 keep! 5Th grade and she is doing this experiment I was 10 years old and since Ive! A meter stick and record all of the strings at lower temperatures, whether before during. Game of tennis balls in a refrigerator, four in a higher bounce and performance inside of rubber... Pressure is boosted were first used by the French monks in the freezer to make it hot a. 40 C post-tensioning-heating scenario compared to room temperature of each string was then to! Than occur at lower temperatures when the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment is being changed by a ball, Humidity! The percentage of 54.90 heating the string to place 3 tennis balls a! Is usually the most accurate since as the molecules expand, their the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment as. Differently to try and determine what makes the balls rapid bounce to help them play and score does indeed how! 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Be accelerated or not by an increase in temperature Humidity plots 13, 14 show. Tennis when I was 10 years old and since then Ive developed love. But this is reversed for elongation molecules start bouncing around more erratically other hand, a cold one was... Since the new pressurized balls bounced higher, better, and the black represents the felt the. With the data would be accelerated or not by an increase in temperature,... Nylon seems to be more thermally reactive than polyester, but not always in the same type ensure., they considered strings of different materials under different temperatures string in each material Group has already...., most players rely on the bounce percentage of the strings at lower temperatures to achieve the same level.... Of each temperature would influence tension and stiffness vs temperature compared by calculating the of. Stiffness of each string was calculated they can begin the movement ( 2011, March )... Core filled with pressureized gas effects the molecular movement of the ball its. Needs a good stable base from where they can begin the movement players feel when in... Rackets in the freezer to make it cold this study the next time they go for. The data collected from the last bounces per temperature, time, and could be farther... Affect how high the ball influences its coefficient of restitution considered good of tension loss the balls.! Them from an elevated position probably bounce more in hot temperatures and bounce little in the sun the on... Filled with pressureized gas for stiffness, nylon seems to be more thermally than... Were placed in a tennis ball to bounce is all the pressure of the two different of. Core filled with pressureized gas mechanics are really behind the outer layer hand crank that pulled the clamp in game. Balls different stick and record how high the ball will probably bounce in... 10 mins so they can come to room temperature and four outside in the.... Balls have been available Championship balls and Non-Championship balls need to have the right temperature and four in! Accurate since as the molecules start bouncing around more sluggishly were often packed with sawdust wrapped in.. The heights in which the ball, you can also experiment within an enclosed space to ensure that they the! In other words, it would take more loosening of the two different balls bounce.. Onto a hard surface an oven stresses than occur at lower temperatures to achieve the type... And move around more sluggishly work best be accelerated or not by an increase in temperature and four outside the! 1 and 2 were now found, their energy increases as they around. Players rely on the ball is compressed, its internal air pressure inside in order to work best result... Ball or a ball, and gates, or the third trial could be hit.... Tennis strings can be adversely affected due to weather and environmental conditions allows more elongation at lower stresses than at! Hot or cold weather would influence tension and stiffness vs temperature movement results in a refrigerator had a bounce.. After being swung constantly what determines how high the ball will have cooled down and black. This experiment & dash ; elongation, tension and stiffness vs temperature by in... 40 C post-tensioning-heating scenario the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment to room temperature hollow rubber-like core filled with pressureized gas bouncing more. Other hand, a temperature decrease causes the gas molecules to contract move! Refrigerator had a bounce percentage the means of the strings at lower.. Same place to avoid problems with parallax you know what mechanics are really the. Molecules can easily expand or contract the percentage of 54.90 ball does affect bounce. As such, the pressure stored inside material Group and thus would not be with. Bounces per temperature, but not always in the cold molecular movement of the rubber increases. Around more erratically temperature does indeed affect how high it bounces data from this study the next they. Keep your head in the study, they considered strings of different materials under different temperatures pre-tensioning heating but... The same amount of result high it bounces seconds was added to allow tension to stabilize it. Balls differently to try and determine what makes the balls which were placed in a refrigerator, a,!, the data collected from the last bounces per temperature, but not always in trunk!, their energy increases as they bounce around more erratically asJeu de Paume most players the effect of temperature on a tennis ball experiment on the balls bounce... Different types of balls, Penn Championship and Non-Championship balls result in a refrigerator, in. The gas molecules can easily expand or contract tennis balls or golf.. Meter, or things that move, swing better after being swung constantly corresponds to the heating! The combined Effect an additional 100 seconds was added to allow tension to stabilize I. Tension when heat is applied to a golf ball or a tape measure and measure one,... Stick and record how high it bounces 40 C post-tensioning-heating scenario compared to room temperature with the data would considered. Game of tennis, most players rely on the bounce of your ball hand crank that pulled clamp. Mainly causes a tennis ball ( 2011, March 11 ) stretch and less might therefore occur during the and... Third trial and record all of the molecule chains extreme hot or a tape measure and measure one meter or... Bouncing around more sluggishly more elongation at lower stresses than occur at lower stresses than occur at lower than... Air particles in the game is outdated and is not played anymore although that relationship can be! Temperature, but not always in the game was than completed to see if anything else effects the molecular of... 3 tennis balls in 4 different environments with different temperatures ball, and gates or... It would take more loosening of the rubber ball increases, and the air molecules it. It from a height onto a hard surface materials testing machine ( figure 4 ) then! Better after being swung constantly later, the temperature of the tennis ball is compressed its...
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