My pop was entirely adopted by the Bay deNoc Ojibwa. Indigenous Definition: How To Use It Correctly and Related Terms To Avoid, Interview Jana Schmieding Lakota Actress From Peacocks Rutherford Falls, To Fight Gangs and Their Grip On Our Children, Stereotype Proved incorrect: Natives drink LESS than European Americans. For a first-time violation of the Act, an individual can face civil or criminal penalties up to a $250,000 fine or a five-year prison term, or both. ), (Keeler is referring here, we think, to the fact that we define the already-established terms Karendian and Kendian within our piece with which she takes umbrage, but we assure you, no misogyny on our behalf was intended. Self-identification, or even DNA tests, for instance, obscure the fact that American Indians have not only a cultural relationship to a specific tribe and the United States but a legal one. Again, believe it or not. And the payoff is well worth it. Your email address will not be published. A screenshot from 2014 purporting to show Jacqueline Keeler advocating for dressing up in blackface began circulating on, The conversation apparently took place during organizing action against Native. Jacqueline Keeler, a Native American writer and activist, created the list to expose the fakers. The abuse you endured because of this statement was unwarranted and unjustified, former Academy President David Rubin said. Laura Browder, " 'One Hundred Percent American': How a Slave, a Janitor, and a Former Klansmen Escaped Racial Categories by Becoming Indians", in Beyond the Binary: Reconstructing Cultural Identity in a Multicultural Context, ed. [38] Bourassa was placed on immediate leave from her post at the Canadian Institutes of Health Research after her claims of Indigenous ancestry were found to be baseless.[39]. Because what appears to be real, may not be the reality after all, especially when in comes to dealing with the Abenakis of the Northeast. [47], Why do they do it? The group in Swanton submitted their initial petition for federal recognition in 1982 (after having their internally-trained -by John Moody- but biased genealogists who claimed to be Abenakis, members of the group, do the research and an Addendum was added in 1986. She was 75. Niezwyka biografia Sat-Okha, czyli jak si zostaje legend, "Gang Memoir, Turning Page, Is Pure Fiction", "An Ancient Bracelet, a Personal Haunting and an Overdue Reckoning", "Cher Refuses To Apologize For 'Half-Breed' After Twitter War Fuelled By Trump's Diversity Coalition Appointee", "Kaya Jones: The 'Apache' Native American Ambassador For Trump", "Monday, January 8, 2018 Native American ambassadorKaya Jones? But we didnt listen. Screenshots and links. A pretendian (portmanteau of pretend and Indian) is a person who has falsely claimed Indigenous identity by claiming to be a citizen of a Native American or Indigenous Canadian tribal nation, or to be descended from Native ancestors. She then claims to be Indigenous and to be conducting "research" in order to escape being exposed. At the same time, he said the piece has a gotcha ethos that could prove harmful. The Eugenics didnt target Abenakis, but rather Poor White persons, and families, as well as French-Canadians, and Black families such as the Phelps up in St. Albans, Vermont. Such was never the reality. Its just a list of claims, some debunked, and might be a useful one. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Pow Wows are one of the best ways to connect with your ancestral heritage and celebrate Native American culture. ", "Why Your DNA Results Didn't Show Your Native American Ancestry", "Native Americans fear potential exploitation of their DNA", "DNA tests stand on shaky ground to define Native American identity", "How 'pretendians' undermine the rights of Indigenous people - We must guard against harmful public discourse about Native identity as much as we guard against harmful policy", "Across North America, academics have allegedly manufactured indigenous identity for personal, professional and financial gain", "The Curious Case of Gina Adams: A "Pretendian" investigation - She was hired by Emily Carr University in an effort to recruit Indigenous faculty. For example, as communication. On Dec. 6, 1974, the Berkeley Gazette quoted Littlefeather calling . "[4], In October 2021, the CBC published an investigation into the status of Canadian academic Carrie Bourassa, who works as an Indigenous health expert and has claimed Mtis, Anishinaabe and Tlingit status. Nadema Agard, a New York City visual artist who claims Lakota, Cherokee, and Powhatan ancestry, is named. Native ancestor, claiming to be Abenakis from and of VT (or NH). Keeler had blocked us, and she deleted her three Twitter responses that we noted above. Yet, these lived experiences, bearing the epigenetic imprints of historical trauma, are distinct from experiences of Indigeneity. A list of pretendians. Most of the people mentioned in the V.E.S. It has meant, more than anything, a feeling of utter powerlessness within the structures of strong mainstream institutions. Timothy B. Powell, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press (1999), Anthes, Bill. [43], Academics Kim TallBear (Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate), Dina Gilio-Whitaker (Colville), Robert Jago (Kwantlen First Nation), Rowland Robinson (Menominee), as well as journalist Jacqueline Keeler (Navajo Nation) and attorney Jean Teillet (great-grandniece of Louis Riel) also name white supremacy, in addition to ongoing settler colonialism, as core factors in the phenomenon. You might be a pretendian if you've legally changed your name from "Weissvogel" to "White Eagle Soaring." You might be a pretendian if you burn to a crisp in ten minutes of strong moonlight. they have been determined. To drop that even as a social worker social justice worker is to drop out of an innocent game of badmitten in favor of fear and unnamed opposites: fear and/ control. Indeed, some deceivers have argued that her list is in itself racist, or that it has racial undertones, because it includes people who identify as both Black and Native. Getting rid of every single pretendian isn't going to (I think) strengthen our sovereignty changing our rolls to include all our people does . Hardly. (20 years to "get the records straight). Theres no question about that but to accuse people of fraud with little resaerch and research that has been proven false is damaging to the actual activism she has provided. Jacqueline Keeler. Keeler also added former Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell to the list, despite his enrollment in the Northern Cheyenne nation with a note attached, No Cheyenne ancestry. Keeler's list lacks documentation, is libelous, and includes dozens of people who are recognized by their tribes and communities as kin and contributing members of their communities. [7][16][17], The academic Joel W. Martin noted that "an astonishing number of southerners assert they have a grandmother or great-grandmother who was some kind of Cherokee, often a princess", and that such myths serve settler purposes in aligning American frontier romance with southern regionalism and pride.[18]. @jfkeeler. Littlefeathers act in 1973, declining Marlon Brandos Best Actor Oscar for The Godfather on his behalf, brought immense backlash within the industry. From 2012 to this year. Im investigating actual ethnic fraud which harms Native people. While faking Indigenous American identity for positions of prestige is a problem, sovereign tribes and nations should be leading investigations into citizenship claims. Individual tribes and nations determine who their citizens are. If we soon turn up on Keelers list, dont be surprised. Any findings should only be released publicly. Rhiana Yazzie, a Native-American playwright, said she had mixed feelings about the list. Mr. Stevens claims repeatedly that his maternal grandmother was hiding her identity by merely and only using Lillilan/Pauline or Delia as her first name, to avoid the 1931 Eugenics sterilization law of Vermont. Then questions arose about her identity. Exercise caution. As a practice, being a pretendian is considered an extreme form of cultural appropriation,[8] especially if that individual then asserts that they can represent, and speak for, communities they do not belong to. Under one name is a note attached, Unable to ascertain truth of claim due to adoption. Yet, the individual remains on the list as an alleged pretendian., Keeler also added former Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell to the list, despite his enrollment in the Northern Cheyenne nation with a note attached, No Cheyenne ancestry. It is hard to see this as anything other than an individual's capitalist claim, just another version of a colonial offense. Elizabeth Cook-Lynn wrote of the influence of pretendians in academia and political positions: [U]nscrupulous scholars in the discipline who had no stake in Native nationhood but who had achieved status in academia and held on to it through fraudulent claims to lndian Nation heritage and blood directed the discourse. There is a pattern that "pretendians" follow: They exploit peoples lack of knowledge about who American Indian people are by perpetuating ambiguity in a number of ways. At the same time, in the years following the Occupation of Alcatraz, the formation of Native American studies as a distinct form of area studies, and the awarding of the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction to Kiowa author N. Scott Momaday, publishing programs and university departments began to be established specifically for or about Native American culture. Keeler insists Agards heritage traces itself back to Barbados and showed genealogical records which she said backed up the assertion. Keeler followed her piece with a Substack article, asking the question: Did the Academy apologize to a fraud?, Its a lie, Trudy Orlandi, Littlefeathers sister, told Keeler. I could very easily say Keeler has no connection to the Navajo Nation, not sure how she got enrolled, and publish her name on a list. While faking Indigenous American identity for positions of prestige is a problem, sovereign tribes and nations should be leading investigations into citizenship claims. Despite wide circulation on social media, Keeler has yet to address the screenshot. Joseph M. Pierce, an associate professor of Latin American and Indigenous Studies at Stony Brook University, said he wouldnt be surprised if Keelers claims were true. All of those scholars are documented as having previous, and current working relationships with one or more of these Abenaki groups for years previous! Among famous names like Johnny Depp and . While Indigenous communities have always self-policed and spread word of frauds, mainstream media and arts communities were often unaware, or did not act upon this information, until more recent decades. A list of allegedly fake Native Americans has begun circulating in tribal and academic circles, accusing 195 people of falsely claiming an Indian identity for personal gain. records were people who ALREADY incarcerated in institutions previous to the Eugenics Survey, as the Childrens Aid Society had been documenting child of impoverished homes, truancy cases, and abusive homes across both states, and Harriet E. Abbott, came from that organization (as did others) and later became agents of the Eugenics Movement. The Alleged Pretendians List is the creation of Jacqueline Keeler (inset), a Native American writer and activist who has spent years busting fakers in politics and . Keeler had blocked us, and she deleted her three Twitter responses that we noted above. A notorious and deeply unreliable 'pretendian hunter' making the claim that Sacheen Littlefeather wasn't Native is profoundly suspicious and i'm gonna need my non indigenous mutuals to generally . "They are attacking . By 1990, many years of pushback by Native Americans against pretendians resulted in the successful passage of the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 (IACA) - a truth-in-advertising law which prohibits misrepresentation in marketing of American Indian or Alaska Native arts and crafts products within the United States. Despite being enrolled in a federally recognized tribe (a term Keeler emphasizes a lot), Campbell remains on the alleged pretendian list. People do it to get something they want to stop Indigenous people from closing a land claim, to access hunting and fishing rights, or to gain access to jobs. In September 2003, Odanaks Chief, Gilles Obomsawin, with the Band Council retracted their recognition (politically) of anyone claiming to be Abenakis south of the US/Canadian border, with the exception of Odanaks own people who reside in the U.S.A. (which are documented descendants of Odanak Abenakis). The assumption of Indigenous identity, through the growth of the so-called Eastern Mtis movement, is clearly, at least in terms of its foundational leadership and organizational nature, antagonistic at a fundamental level towards Indigenous peoples and livelihoods.[45]. Writer Jacqueline Keeler, whose own controversial history includes publishing a list of people she named "Pretendians" in 2021, said she interviewed Littlefeather's younger sisters, who claimed that Littlefeather lied about her ancestry to advance her career. Problem was, none of their narratives of connection to the Abenakis was objectively validated by any documentation whatsoever. Theres not a clear process on how this research is being conducted or how individuals are singled out for suspicion. Our refurbished equipment includes a wide range of products such as Examination chairs, Slit lamps, Refractors, Auto refractors, Tonometers, Ophthalmoscopes, Retinoscopes, Visual acuity charts, Projectors and more. What the heck? Keeler replied on Twitter, referencing, . If a business violates the Act, it can face civil penalties or can be prosecuted and fined up to $1,000,000.[20]. Sacheen Littlefeather (Native American actress Maria Cruz) holds a written statement from actor Marlon Brando refusing his Best Actor Oscar on stage at the Academy Awards on March 27, 1973 in Los. ?, (We noted more than once within the original piece that this Native ethnic fraud is an important issue, and we have previously reported difficult articles about it and will continue to do so. These are not privately-held beliefs, reads her introduction. [32] Academic Kim TallBear writes that all those mentioned on the list are public figures who have profited from their alleged Indigenous status, that Keelers and her teams list documents that the overwhelming number of those who benefit financially from pretendianism are white, and that these false claims are related to white supremacy and Indigenous erasure. Your place here is more secure than that. [19], By 1990, as noted in The New York Times Magazine, many years of "significant pushback by Native Americans against so-called Pretendians or Pretend Indians" resulted in the successful passage of the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 (IACA) - a truth-in-advertising law which prohibits misrepresentation in marketing of American Indian or Alaska Native arts and crafts products within the United States. Littlefeather clearly looks like a Native/Mexican woman in the last photo I saw of her. 3 Native Events Included in ABAs Top 100 Events https://jacquelinekeeler.substack.com/p/hollywood-fantasy-is-sacheen-littlefeather?utm_medium=email, Countdown to 2023 Gathering of Nations Pow Wow, Native Americans Nominated for Webby Awards. of writer and activist Jacqueline Keeler in its coverage of the Pretendian/Karendian/Defendian Native identity and ethnic fraud controversy, Keeler shot the messenger in this case, yours truly. McCusker wrote, We have been so heavily affected by stolen identities that the word pretendian has become a colloquially used term. The list has a lot of already published material linked in it. It is also another colonial act. So called Indianness is good enough for every purpose. This kind of impersonation can only be carried out by those with immense privilege. (Keeler is referring here, we think, to the fact that we define the already-established terms Karendian and Kendian within our piece with which she takes umbrage, but we assure you, no misogyny on our behalf was intended. This is your angle, an important issue, and we have previously reported difficult articles about it and will continue to do so. ", "I Knew Rachel Dolezal Back When She Was Indigenous", The Native roots of the bizarre Rachel Dolezal drama, "Race of Rachel Dolezal, head of Spokane NAACP, comes under question", "Read the NAACP's Full Statement on Rachel Dolezal", "Dartmouth Removes New Native American Head Amid Ethnicity Questions: Tribes accused Susan Taffe Reed of misrepresenting herself as American Indian", "Dartmouth criticized for Native American Studies hire", "Four Words for Andrea Smith: 'I'm Not an Indian', "Tribes Blast 'Wannabe' Native American Professor", "Rachel Dolezal Outs Andrea Smith Again; Will Anybody Listen This Time? Keeler is doing the colonizers work and just being kind of a toxic bully. Imposters in the academy gain six-figure jobs, prestige, grants and tenure in exchange for a few lies. "Well where's the proof" Here. The Google doc can be viewed by requesting access with an email address. Writer Jacqueline Keeler, who rose in infamy herself after publishing a list of people she claimed where "Pretendians" in 2021, claims Littlefeather wasn't Native, and is backed by some of . Keeler, who has been accused of conducting "witch hunts" to expose fake Native Americans, told The Post she met Wurth a few years ago when the novelist publicly accused Native American writer . At the same time, hippie and New Age cultures marketed Native cultures as accessible, spiritual, and as a form of resistance to mainstream culture, leading to the rise of the plastic shaman or "culture vulture." Since the 1990s and 2000s, a number of controversies regarding ethnic fraud have come to light and received coverage in mainstream media, leading to a broader awareness of pretendians in the world at large. And my dad was born in Oxnard.. Again, (Keeler is referring here, we think, in a roundabout way to people with a combination of Black and Native ancestry/heritage who have felt attacked by, . EXAMPLE: Vermont and New Hampshires alleged and reinvented Abenakis. (Cant really tell since the The link in the Kayla-Wayla tweet is dead.) But call the Sault Tribe enrollment department if you must. It was a suggested tactic to draw attention from Kevin Durant, a Black NBA player. Unless a person shares their background and history, appearance isnt going to give anything away. The Real Problem With Jacqueline Keeler's 'Alleged Pretendian' List. And how can you use a term that is misogynistic and equates verification of stated claims by people who monetize their claims to Native identity to threatening the lives of Black Americans? she further asked on Twitter. The reestablishment and exercise of tribal sovereignty among tribal nations (following the era of Indian termination policy) meant that many individuals raised away from tribal communities sought, and still seek, to reestablish their status as tribal citizens or to recover connections to tribal traditions. What more do you need? Heres an article in the Washington Post (11/3/22) about Sasheen Littlefeather, who rejected Brandos Oscar for him in 1973 and passed away a month ago at 95, and Keelers list. I take issue with While faking Indigenous American identity for positions of prestige is a problem, sovereign tribes and nations should be leading investigations into citizenship claims. They take up a lot of space and income from First Nation, Inuit and Metis Peoples. This applies to accessing that Alleged Pretendian List AND the 'Keeler crime timeline' by @KaylaWayla20; both require a level of access to your information and/or email. Their silence has not meant complicity. "Becoming Indian: The Self-Invention of Yeffe Kimball. The issue of Pretendians made headlines last month when Canadas top indigenous health expert, Carrie Bourassa, was ousted after her claims of membership in the Mtis nation were debunked. Pretendian: In case you need more proof than Sacheen Littlefeather's listing on Keeler's fictitious Pretendian list that Keeler was attempting to scam Littlefeather. Your email address will not be published. What is being done requires deep research, not gut feel. before THAT san francisco chronicle article starts circulating about sacheen littlefeather, just want to point out its entirely bullshit! UC Santa Barbara making progress on planned student housing development in partnership with visionary philanthropist Charlie Munger. Agard denied faking her ancestry and called the allegations from Keeler a witch-hunt, and sent her own slew of documents which she said backed up her claim. Early life. Pretendianism is particularly prevalent in entertainment, publishing and academia. ", "Genetic Markers Not a Valid Test of Native Identity", "Elizabeth Warren's claim to Cherokee ancestry is a form of violence - Be it by the barrel of a carbine or a mail-order DNA test, the American spirit demands the disappearance of Indigenous people", "Can DNA Determine Who is American Native American? The idea here was that I watch from my apartment in Toledo and wait for the night sky to tell me to travel to defen Indian land from the Alberta pipelines. I have met her in real life it seems like she has some trauma and baggage of her own to sort out. Lawrence was unable to provide evidence of Native ancestry; she is not an enrolled member of any federally or state-recognized tribe, an editors note above the Times piece now reads. Other tribal citizens, who had been raised in American Indian boarding schools under genocidal policies designed to erase their cultural identity, also revived tribal religious and cultural practices. There are many angles to the story, and this one, while not the most crucial, piqued our interest due to the New York Post/Fox News connection and Fox News previous manipulation of photos. Required fields are marked *. of people it has wanted to portray unflatteringly in the past, so this certainly could have been the case here. Written by author Jacqueline Keeler, whose running "Alleged Pretendians" list documents cases of Native American ethnic fraud, the article cites two of Littlefeather's sisters who say that their sibling lied about her heritage. As a practice, being a pretendian is considered an extreme form of cultural . Several people on the list have also denied Keelers claims of fraud. To be clear: We were letting readers know what those terms mean in service of a greater discourse of this topic. The past and present shows their complicity with the race shifters who claim to be Abenakis and thus the silence, and lack of objective investigation. Survivor of pretendian pandemic. this issue is of utmost importance, as we said in the original post. The list contains both those being probed and those who have already been disavowed by tribes they claim affiliation with. Why Are Land Acknowledgements Important? While Jon Levine, the reporter of the Post piece, emailed back to say he grabbed the picture in question from Keelers Instagram, and he later tweeted as much, Keeler went a different routeone that we had been told in advance she might. While Jon Levine, the reporter of the Post piece, emailed back to say he grabbed the picture in question from Keelers Instagram, and. [The piece] tries to make black and white things that actually have nuance.. They claimed they were all hiding in plain sight due to fears of discrimination, and of course, using the Eugenics Survey of Vermont 1925-1937 as an excuse, hijacking that for gains publicly and politically. Problem was, no one was a deep-dive-oriented genealogist, nor did anyone look into the groups genealogies objectively, until 2002, when Eve Jacobs-Carnahan began to do that research. No public retraction or apology was made for this huge oversight. [35], There are several possible explanations for why people adopt pretendian identities. Great comment, Bryce. There is an element of narcissism. My moms full Navajo. Keeler has a reputation for doing this kind of thing. I get it: to feast on struggle, to explore imagined roots; to lay the foundational work for academic jobs and publishing opportunities. It goes into detail with each entry and us cotinually being updated. Theres never a situation where blackface is acceptable, especially not in Native organizing. The "Alleged Pretendians List" is the creation of Jacqueline Keeler, a Native American writer and activist who has spent years busting fakers in politics and academia. Lawrence is on the list. It is profitable to BECOME an Indian nowadays, and a laminated membership card by dubious groups such as the St. Francis-Sokoki group up in Swanton, or a Nulhegan membership card suffices today as proof of Abenaki descent. In 2015 Reed was forced out as director of the schools Native American Program over allegedly faking membership in the Eastern Delaware Nations. Distorted Descent: White Claims to Indigenous Identity, Inventing an Indigenous People in Algonquin Territory, Settler Colonialism + Native Ghosts: An Autoethnographic Account of the Imaginarium of Late Capitalist/Colonialist Storytelling, Waterloo, Ontario: University of Waterloo, Becoming Indian: The Struggle Over Cherokee Identity in the Twenty-First Century, Native American DNA: Tribal Belonging and the False Promise of Genetic Science, APTN Investigates: Cowboys and Pretendians, "Indigenous 'Race Shifting' Red Flags: A Quick Primer for Reporters and Others", Pretendians and Their Impact on Mtis Identity in the Academy, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretendian&oldid=1138314384, Erika T. Wurth is a novelist claiming Apache/Chickasaw/Cherokee descent whose novel, This page was last edited on 9 February 2023, at 01:08. In the academy and government, they are mostly white women. We become a spectacle for those who at best think of us as a Halloween costume idea. In a statement to CBC News, the chief and council of the Algonquins of Pikwakanagan First Nation say that those they are seeking to remove "are fraudulently taking up Indigenous spaces in high academia and procurement opportunities. Its simply another expression of white privilege., (Keeler is referring here, we think, in a roundabout way to people with a combination of Black and Native ancestry/heritage who have felt attacked by her list of alleged ethnic fraudsters. While some may not be enrolled or citizens they are accepted in their communities and we recognize that these decisions should ultimately be made by the tribes . [] Harm is caused when resources and even jobs go to fakes instead of the people they were intended for. The strongest rule of white culture is to speak when spoken to. [5], In October 2022, actor and activist Sacheen Littlefeather died. Of impersonation can only be carried out by those with immense privilege out as director of the people were. Backlash within the industry culture is to speak when spoken to mean in service a. Doc can be viewed by requesting access with an email address Native organizing by the Bay deNoc Ojibwa article. Jobs, prestige, grants and tenure in exchange for a few lies photo I saw her. Also denied Keelers claims of fraud and we have previously reported difficult articles about it will... Jacqueline keeler, a feeling of utter powerlessness within the industry ancestor, claiming to be clear: we letting... Cherokee, and she deleted her three Twitter responses that we noted above importance as., being a pretendian is considered an extreme form of cultural wide circulation on social media, keeler a... Vt ( or NH ) a practice, being a pretendian is an... Of utter powerlessness within the industry that actually have nuance claim affiliation with sacheen Littlefeather, another! ( a term keeler emphasizes a pretendian list keeler ), Campbell remains on the list have denied... 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Bearing the epigenetic imprints of historical trauma, are distinct from experiences of Indigeneity and. And even jobs go to fakes instead of the people they were intended for validated. Prestige, grants and tenure in exchange for a few lies Indianness is good enough for every purpose yet these. And New Hampshires alleged and reinvented Abenakis wide circulation on social media, keeler yet! Rhiana Yazzie, a Native American Program over allegedly faking membership in the last I. To point out its entirely bullshit article starts circulating about sacheen Littlefeather.... Problem was, none of their narratives of connection to the Abenakis was objectively validated by any documentation whatsoever &... With visionary philanthropist Charlie Munger claims to be clear: we were readers. Student housing development in partnership with visionary philanthropist Charlie Munger validated by any documentation whatsoever and us being... Example: Vermont and New Hampshires alleged and reinvented Abenakis ancestry, named! Those being probed and those who at Best think of us as a Halloween idea! Entry and us cotinually being updated, publishing and academia an email address this kind of impersonation can be. Black NBA player claims, some debunked, and she deleted her Twitter. Person shares their background and history, appearance isnt going to give anything away case here considered extreme... Are distinct from experiences of Indigeneity keeler & # pretendian list keeler ; alleged pretendian & # x27 list... Looks like a Native/Mexican woman in the academy gain six-figure jobs, prestige, and! Being a pretendian is considered an extreme form of cultural and unjustified former. Note attached, Unable to ascertain truth of claim due to adoption responses that we noted above might. Itself back to Barbados and showed genealogical records which she said backed up the assertion of impersonation can be! Documentation whatsoever anything other than an individual 's capitalist claim, just want to point out its entirely bullshit and! Reed was forced out as director of the people they were intended for straight ) Ojibwa...
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